Friction stir welding using a superabrasive tool
A probe for friction stir welding MMCs, ferrous alloys, non-ferrous alloys, and superalloys, as well as non-ferrous alloys, the probe including a shank, a shoulder, and a pin disposed through the shoulder and into the shank, wherein the pin and the shoulder at least include a coating comprised of a superabrasive material, the pin and shoulder being designed to reduce stress risers, disposing a collar around a portion of the shoulder and the shank to thereby prevent movement of the shoulder relative to the shank, and incorporating thermal management by providing a thermal flow barrier between the shoulder and the shank, and between the collar and the tool.
1. A method for applying a compression force on a pin of a friction stir welding tool as the tool is heated during use, said method comprising:
providing a cylindrical shank, a shoulder functioning as an inner collar and disposed on a working end of the shank, a bore hole disposed through the shoulder and partially into the shank, a cylindrical friction stir welding pin comprising a superabrasive held stationary within the bore hole, and a locking collar engaged around the inner collar; and
friction stir welding a working surface to frictionally heat the inner collar, thereby causing lateral thermal expansion of the inner collar; and
heating the cylindrical friction stir welding pin by the friction stir welding causing lateral thermal expansion; and
preventing outward lateral expansion of the inner collar by the presence of the locking collar around the inner collar, thereby causing the inner collar to compress inward against the friction stir welding pin and the friction stir welding pin to expand outward against the inner collar.
2. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the method further comprises disposing a thermal barrier between the shoulder and the locking collar to thereby concentrate heat within the shoulder and the friction stir welding pin.
3. A method for applying a compression force on a pin of a friction stir welding tool as the tool is heated during use, the method comprising:
positioning a friction stir welding tool adjacent a workpiece material, the friction stir welding tool comprising:
a shank having a first end and a second end,
a shoulder and pin including a superabrasive material, the shoulder and pin disposed proximate the first end of the shank, and
a thermal flow barrier, the thermal flow barrier being at least partially disposed between the shank and the shoulder and configured to impede conduction of thermal energy therebetween;
moving the friction stir welding tool relative to a working surface of the workpiece material to generate thermal energy and plastically deform the workpiece material;
heating the inner collar, shoulder, and pin with the thermal energy, causing lateral expansion of the inner collar, shoulder, and pin;
preventing outward lateral expansion of the inner collar by the presence of a locking collar around the inner collar; and
focusing the thermal energy on the workpiece material.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein focusing the thermal energy comprises regulating the conduction of the thermal energy away from the workpiece material through the tool.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the locking collar is disposed circumferentially about the first end of the shank and the friction stifling surface; and
a second thermal flow barrier, the second thermal flow barrier being at least partially disposed between the locking collar and the shoulder and configured to impede conduction of the thermal energy therebetween.
6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising regulating the conduction of the thermal energy such that the thermal energy is further concentrated at the friction stifling surface by impeding the conduction of the thermal energy from the shoulder to the locking collar.
7. The method of claim 3 , further comprising cooling the shank, and
wherein the friction stir welding tool further comprises a cooling channel disposed longitudinally along at least part of a length of the shank and configured to cool the shank.
8. The method of claim 3 , further comprising heating the working surface to form a plasticized welding region.
9. The method of claim 3 , further comprising tripping laminar flow adjacent the friction stifling surface.
10. The method of claim 3 , wherein the pin is an integral pin in the shoulder.
11. The method of claim 3 , wherein the pin is a removable cylindrical pin associated with the shoulder.
12. A method of thermal expansion management during friction stir welding, the method comprising:
providing a friction stir welding tool having a shank, a pin, and a shoulder, the pin and shoulder being disposed proximate a working end of the shank;
positioning the friction stir welding tool adjacent a working surface;
generating thermal energy in the pin and shoulder;
directing the thermal energy on an interface between the pin and shoulder and the working surface using thermal management in the friction stir welding tool;
heating the pin and shoulder with the thermal energy to cause lateral expansion of the pin and shoulder;
preventing expansion of the pin and shoulder by the presence of a locking collar positioned circumferentially around the working end of the shank;
heating the working surface with the thermal energy to form a plasticized welding region; and
moving the friction stir welding tool relative to the working surface to plastically deform the working surface.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the thermal energy is frictional energy between the friction stir welding tool and the working surface.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein directing the thermal energy on the working surface comprises inhibiting conduction of the thermal energy away from the working surface through the tool.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the thermal management comprises a region of the tool having a lower thermal conductivity than a thermal conductivity of the shoulder.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the friction stir welding tool further comprises a superabrasive.
17. The method of claim 12 , further comprising cooling at least part of the friction stir welding tool.
18. The method of claim 12 , further comprising advancing the friction stir welding tool to create an elongated weld in the working surface.
19. The method of claim 12 , further comprising conducting thermal energy from the working surface.