Integral reactor system and method for fuel cells

1. A fuel cell system comprising:

a solid oxide fuel cell including an anode-side cavity; and

a fuel delivery element comprising one or more walls forming a fuel passage, a fuel inlet at one end of the fuel passage, and a fuel outlet at an opposite end of the fuel passage;

the fuel delivery element configured to deliver fuel through the fuel outlet into the anode-side cavity of the fuel cell and to induce recirculation of partially utilized anode gas within the cavity or into the fuel passage;

wherein the fuel delivery element comprises an anode exhaust gas recirculation device configured to cause recirculation of at least a portion of an oxygen-rich anode exhaust gas formed in the anode-side cavity of the fuel cell through a length of the fuel delivery passage of the fuel delivery element.

2. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the anode exhaust gas recirculation device comprises a constriction in the one or more walls forming the fuel passage of the fuel delivery element and one or more suction bores downstream of the constriction, the suction bores open to the anode-side cavity of the fuel cell, whereby anode exhaust gas is drawn into the fuel delivery device through the suction bores by suction and fuel is reformed in the presence of the anode exhaust gas within the fuel delivery device.

3. The fuel cell system of claim 2 , wherein a partition is disposed across the fuel passage in the fuel delivery element, and the constriction comprises an orifice in the partition.

4. The fuel cell system of claim 2 , wherein the constriction comprises a venturi shape formed in the one or more walls of the fuel delivery element.

5. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the anode exhaust gas recirculation device is disposed adjacent the fuel outlet of the fuel delivery device; and

wherein the anode exhaust gas recirculation device comprises an orifice or a venturi.

6. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein a portion of the fuel delivery element comprises an ejector configured to eject fuel into the cavity; and

wherein the ejector is disposed adjacent the fuel outlet.

7. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell is tubular.

8. The fuel cell system of claim 7 , wherein the fuel cell is closed at one end and open at an opposite end, the open end comprising an anode exhaust port.

9. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel delivery element is supported by a tube sheet, the tube sheet forming a wall of a coolant chamber.

10. The fuel cell system of claim 9 , wherein the tube sheet further includes a block of insulation to aid in controlling the temperature of the coolant chamber or the temperature of the fuel delivery element within the fuel cell.

11. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein a downstream section of the fuel delivery element is in thermal communication with the fuel cell.

12. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein an upstream section of the fuel delivery element extends outside of the fuel cell and is in thermal communication with a chamber external of the fuel cell.

13. The fuel cell system of claim 12 , wherein the external chamber comprises an anode exhaust chamber or a coolant chamber supplied with a coolant fluid; and

wherein the coolant fluid comprises air or a fuel.

14. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell system is configured to have a temperature gradient along the fuel cell.

15. The fuel cell fuel cell system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell system further includes a supplemental oxidant feed into the fuel inlet.

16. The fuel cell system of claim 1 , further comprising an oxygen partial pressure sensor disposed within the fuel cell.