Ultrasound and acoustophoresis for collection and processing of oleaginous microorganisms

1. An apparatus comprising:

a microorganism collection and separation unit comprising a first flow chamber, the first flow chamber comprising:

a first inlet, a first outlet, and a initial water outlet, wherein an initial mixture of a host fluid and microorganisms enters through the first inlet;

at least one first ultrasonic transducer; and

a reflector surface opposite the at least one first ultrasonic transducer;

wherein the at least one first ultrasonic transducer operates to form a standing acoustic wave substantially perpendicular to the flow of the initial mixture to selectively separate the microorganisms from the host fluid, such that a majority of the host fluid exits the first flow chamber via the initial water outlet and the microorganisms and residual host fluid exit the first flow chamber via the first outlet;

operatively connected to the first outlet of the first flow chamber, an extraction unit comprising a second flow chamber, the second flow chamber comprising:

a second inlet through which is flowed the mixture of microorganisms and residual host fluid from the first outlet of the first flow chamber;

a second outlet; and

at least one second ultrasonic transducer forming a standing acoustic wave to selectively rupture cellular walls and membranes of the microorganisms and form cellular debris, the residual host fluid and cellular debris exiting the second flow chamber via the second outlet; and

operatively connected to the second flow chamber, a debris collection and separation unit comprising a third flow chamber, the third flow chamber comprising:

a third inlet through which is flowed the mixture of residual host fluid and cellular debris;

a third outlet and a final water outlet; and

at least one third ultrasonic transducer forming a standing acoustic wave substantially perpendicular to the flow of the mixture in the third flow chamber to selectively separate the cellular debris from the residual host fluid so that the cellular debris flows through the third outlet and the residual host fluid exits the third flow chamber via the final water outlet.

2. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the microorganisms are selected from the group consisting of: microalgae, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and spores.

3. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the at least one first ultrasonic transducer, the at least one second ultrasonic transducer, or the at least one third ultrasonic transducer operate at a frequency in a range of 1 MHz to 10 MHz.

4. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the at least one first ultrasonic transducer, the at least one second ultrasonic transducer, or the at least one third ultrasonic transducer are embedded in a wall of the corresponding flow chamber.

5. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the at least one first ultrasonic transducer, the at least one second ultrasonic transducer, or the at least one third ultrasonic transducer are driven at a constant frequency of excitation.

6. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the at least one first ultrasonic transducer, the at least one second ultrasonic transducer, or the at least one third ultrasonic transducer are driven by a frequency sweep pattern.

7. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the at least one first ultrasonic transducer is driven by a pulsed waveform that does not result in cavitation of the microorganisms.

8. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the at least one second ultrasonic transducer is driven by a waveform that results in cavitation of the microorganisms.

9. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the extraction unit further comprises a recirculation unit comprising a tank, an inlet, an outlet, at least one recirculation arm, and a transducer in either the tank or the at least one recirculation arm.

10. An apparatus as in claim 9 , wherein the transducer is in the tank and is a plate transducer.

11. An apparatus as in claim 9 , wherein the transducer is in the tank and is an array transducer.

12. An apparatus as in claim 9 , wherein the transducer is in the at least one recirculation arm and is a flat transducer.

13. An apparatus as in claim 9 , wherein the transducer is in the at least one recirculation arm and is a ring transducer.

14. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein there are a plurality of transducers and each transducer is optimized for a specific range of particles selected from the group consisting of microalgae, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and spores.

15. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the at least one first ultrasonic transducer, the at least one second ultrasonic transducer, and the at least one third ultrasonic transducer operate at different frequencies from each other.

16. An apparatus as in claim 1 , wherein the residual host fluid exiting the third flow chamber contains proteins and nucleic acids.