Administration and monitoring of nitric oxide in ex vivo fluids

1. A method of monitoring nitric oxide administration comprising:

administering nitric oxide to an ex vivo fluid comprising red blood cells by contacting the ex vivo fluid with a gas comprising a nitric oxide concentration in the range from 1 ppm to 300 ppm;

monitoring methemoglobin and at least one of nitric oxide or NO x in the ex vivo fluid after administrating nitric oxide to the ex vivo fluid;

adjusting the nitric oxide administration based on the monitoring of the methemoglobin and the nitric oxide or NO x ; and

contacting cells with the ex vivo fluid after administering nitric oxide to the ex vivo fluid.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ex vivo fluid comprises one or more of blood or perfusion fluid.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ex vivo fluid comprises blood that is recirculated in an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit and the cells comprise in vivo cells.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ex vivo fluid comprises perfusion fluid and the cells comprise ex vivo organ cells.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising oxygenating the ex vivo fluid one or more of before administrating nitric oxide to the ex vivo fluid or after administrating nitric oxide to the ex vivo fluid.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the methemoglobin and the nitric oxide or NO x is monitored one or more of before oxygenating the ex vivo fluid, after oxygenating the ex vivo fluid and before administering nitric oxide to the ex vivo fluid, after administering nitric oxide to the ex vivo fluid and before contacting the cells with the ex vivo fluid, or after contacting the cells with the ex vivo fluid.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the methemoglobin and the NO x is monitored continuously.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein adjusting the nitric oxide administration comprises adjusting one or more of the nitric oxide concentration or the flow of the gas comprising nitric oxide.

9. A method of monitoring nitric oxide administration during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) comprising:

administering nitric oxide to ex vivo blood in an ECMO circuit by contacting the ex vivo blood with a gas comprising a nitric oxide concentration in the range from 1 ppm to 50 ppm;

monitoring one or more of (1) a pressure drop in the ECMO circuit to determine if the pressure drop is above a pressure drop threshold or (2) methemoglobin and one or more of nitric oxide or NO x in the ex vivo blood to determine if the methemoglobin and the nitric oxide or NO x is below or above a nitric oxide threshold; and

adjusting the nitric oxide administration based on one or more of the monitoring of the pressure drop or the monitoring of the methemoglobin and the nitric oxide or NO x , wherein the nitric oxide administration is increased if the pressure drop is above the pressure drop threshold and the nitric oxide administration is decreased if the methemoglobin and the nitric oxide or NO x is above the nitric oxide threshold.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the pressure drop threshold is in the range from 1% to 30% of the maximum pressure in the ex vivo circuit.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein adjusting the nitric oxide administration comprises adjusting one or more of the nitric oxide concentration or the flow of the gas comprising nitric oxide.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the nitric oxide threshold for monitoring the methemoglobin is in the range from 1% to 15% methemoglobin.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the monitoring comprises one or more of pulse oximetry and optical measurement.