Micromold methods for fabricating perforated substrates and for preparing solid polymer electrolyte composite membranes
In polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and electrolyzes, attaining and maintaining high membrane conductivity and durability is crucial for performance and efficiency. The use of low equivalent weight (EW) perfluorinated ionomers is one of the few options available to improve membrane conductivity. However, excessive dimensional changes of low EW ionomers upon application of wet/dry or freeze/thaw cycles yield catastrophic losses in membrane integrity. Incorporation of ionomers within porous, dimensionally-stable perforated polymer electrolyte membrane substrates provides improved PEM performance and longevity. The present invention provides novel methods using micromolds to fabricate the perforated polymer electrolyte membrane substrates. These novel methods using micromolds create uniform and well-defined pore structures. In addition, these novel methods using micromolds described herein may be used in batch or continuous processing.
1. A method of preparing a perforated substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a layer of material, wherein the layer of material is a solid layer of material, the solid layer of material having a glass transition temperature; and then
(b) using a micromold to form at least one perforation extending entirely through the layer of material, the micromold comprising at least one micropillar, the micropillar having a diameter of about 1-150 microns, wherein said micromold using step comprises pressing the at least one micropillar through the solid layer of material and heating the solid layer of material to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the solid material, whereby a perforated substrate is formed.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one micropillar has a height of about 1-200 microns.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the micromold has a micropillar density of about 20-60%.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the micromold comprises a plurality of micropillars, each of the micropillars having a diameter of about 1-150 microns and a height of about 1-200 microns, and wherein the micromold has a micropillar density of about 20-60%.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the solid layer of material is selected from a thermoplastic material and a thermoset material.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5 wherein said providing step comprises casting or laminating the solid layer of material onto a carrier.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the solid layer of material has a thickness of about 1-200 microns.
8. The method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the carrier has a glass transition temperature and wherein the glass transition temperature of the carrier is higher than the glass transition temperature of the solid layer of material so that the carrier does not flow and/or combine with the solid layer of material during said heating.
9. The method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the solid layer of material is directly on top of the carrier.
10. The method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the providing step comprises casting or laminating one or more support layers onto the carrier under the solid layer of material.
11. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the one or more support layers has a total thickness of about 1-50 microns.
12. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said pressing comprises pressing the at least one micropillar through the solid layer of material at a pressure of about 250-350 psi.
13. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the micromold using step further comprises decreasing the temperature to a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the solid layer of material while the at least one micropillar is pressed through the solid layer of material.
14. The method as claimed in claim 13 wherein the micromold using step further comprises removing the micromold from the solid layer of material.
15. The method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the thermoplastic material is selected from the group consisting of polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, polyamides (nylon), polyimides, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyethylene, polypropylene, poly vinyl chloride, poly vinyl alcohol, fluorocarbon elastomers and fluorine based resins.
16. The method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the thermoset material is selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyether imide, polyisoprene, pre-vulcanized rubber, and polyurethanes.
17. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said providing and using steps are performed batch-wise.
18. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said providing and using steps are performed as part of a continuous, roll-to-roll process.
19. A method of preparing a perforated substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a layer of material, wherein the layer of material is a layer of a UV-curable liquid monomer solution; and
(b) using a micromold to form at least one perforation extending entirely through the layer of material, the micromold comprising at least one micropillar, wherein the micromold using step comprises causing the UV-curable liquid monomer solution to cure while pressing the at least one micropillar through the layer of the UV-curable liquid monomer solution, whereby a perforated substrate is formed.
20. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the providing step comprises depositing the layer of UV-curable liquid monomer solution onto a carrier.
21. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the UV-curable liquid monomer solution comprises a liquid monomer and a UV-curing initiator.
22. The method as claimed in claim 21 wherein the liquid monomer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of acrylates, thiol-enes, epoxy acrylates, epoxy silicon, polyimide precursors, urethane acrylates, and fluoroacrylates and wherein the UV-curing initiator is at least one member selected from the group consisting of phenones, ethanones, phenyl ketones, and phosphineoxides.
23. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the layer of the UV-curable liquid monomer solution has a thickness of about 1-200 microns.
24. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the providing step comprises depositing one or more support layers onto a carrier and then depositing the UV-curable liquid monomer solution onto the one or more support layers.
25. The method as claimed in claim 24 wherein the one or more support layers have a total thickness of about 1-50 microns.
26. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the micromold is a UV-transparent micromold and wherein said curing step comprises curing the UV-curable liquid monomer solution with UV light directed into the UV-curable liquid monomer solution through the UV-transparent micromold.
27. The method as claimed in claim 20 wherein the carrier is a UV-transparent carrier and wherein said curing step comprises curing the UV-curable liquid monomer solution with UV light directed into the UV-curable liquid monomer solution through the UV-transparent carrier.
28. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein said micromold using step further comprises removing the micromold from the perforated substrate.
29. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein said providing and using steps are performed batch-wise.
30. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein said providing and using steps are performed as part of a continuous, roll-to-roll process.
31. A method of preparing a solid polymer electrolyte composite membrane, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a perforated substrate as claimed in claim 1 ; and
(b) at least partially filling the at least one perforation with a solid polymer electrolyte.
32. A method of preparing a solid polymer electrolyte composite membrane, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a perforated substrate as claimed in claim 19 ; and
(b) at least partially filling the at least one perforation with a solid polymer electrolyte.
33. The method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the micropillar has a diameter of about 1-150 microns.
34. A method of preparing a perforated substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a solid layer of material, the solid layer of material having a glass transition temperature;
(b) providing a micromold, the micromold comprising at least one micropillar;
(c) pressing the at least one micropillar of said micromold through the solid layer of material;
(d) heating the solid layer of material to a temperature above the glass transition temperature while under pressure from the micromold;
(e) then, cooling the solid layer of material while under pressure from the micromold; and
(f) removing the micromold from the solid layer of material, whereby at least one open perforation extending entirely through the solid layer of material is formed.