Radiation shielding for a CVD reactor
A reaction chamber includes an enclosure having an interior coated with a metal nitride compound providing an average reflectivity to internal infra-red radiation of greater than 90%. The metal nitride compound can be titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, hafnium nitride, or a nitride of another metal, and can be between 0.1 and 10 microns thick, preferably between 4 and 5 microns thick. The layer does not tarnish, and can withstand reaction chamber temperatures up to at least 250° C., preferably up to 300° C. It is applied by a deposition process, such as PVD, CVD, thermal spray, or cathodic arc, wherein the enclosure itself is the metal nitride deposition enclosure. Uniformity of deposition can be improved by rotating the deposition source through T degrees and back through T±d, with a total of 360/d repetitions. The reactor can be a CVD reactor that deposits polysilicon onto a heated filament.
1. A method of applying a metal nitride layer onto an inner surface of an enclosure for a chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) reactor, the method comprising:
providing a CVD enclosure that is configured for attachment to a reactor base plate so as to form a reaction chamber within which materials placed within the reaction chamber can be heated to achieve melting and/or deposition of a chemical agent upon said materials;
attaching a compatible deposition base plate to the CVD enclosure so that the deposition base plate and the CVD enclosure, in combination, form a sealed deposition chamber, the deposition base plate including a metal nitride deposition source extending from the deposition base plate into an interior of the deposition chamber, said deposition base plate being distinct from said reactor base plate; and
depositing a metal nitride layer from the deposition source onto an interior surface of the CVD enclosure during a deposition period.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising varying relative concentrations of metal and nitrogen while depositing the metal nitride layer, thereby creating a metal nitride layer having a metal concentration that is not uniform across a thickness of the metal nitride layer.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal nitride layer has an average reflectivity of at least 90% for all infrared radiation having a wavelength between 0.8 microns and 15 microns.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand CVD enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 250° C. without failure.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depositing the metal nitride layer until it has a thickness in the range 0.1 to 10 microns.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depositing the metal nitride layer until it has a thickness in the range 4 to 5 microns.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deposition source can be rotated, and the method further comprises rotating the deposition source during the deposition period.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the deposition source is rotated alternately in a clockwise direction and in a counterclockwise direction, said clockwise and counterclockwise rotations being of unequal rotation angles that differ from each other by an increment angle d, said clockwise rotations being repeated N times and said counterclockwise rotations being repeated N times during the deposition period, N being equal to 360/d multiplied by an integer.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal nitride layer is deposited by magnetron sputtering, ion beam assisted magnetron sputtering, cathodic arc deposition, filtered cathodic arc deposition, electron beam evaporation, or thermal evaporation.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depositing an intermediate metal layer onto the interior surface of the CVD enclosure before depositing the layer of metal nitride onto the interior surface of the CVD enclosure.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the intermediate metal layer is a layer of titanium, zirconium, or hafnium.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal nitride layer comprises titanium nitride.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal nitride layer comprises zirconium nitride.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal nitride layer comprises hafnium nitride.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CVD enclosure comprises a grade of stainless steel alloy or another nickel alloy.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CVD enclosure is configured for attachment to the reactor base plate so as to form a reaction chamber within which polysilicon is deposited onto a heated filament.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand CVD enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 300° C. without failure.
18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
varying relative concentrations of metal and nitrogen while depositing the metal nitride layer, thereby creating a metal nitride layer having a metal concentration that is not uniform across a thickness of the metal nitride layer;
wherein the metal nitride layer has an average reflectivity of at least 90% for all infrared radiation having a wavelength between 0.8 microns and 15 microns; and
wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand CVD enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 250° C. without failure.
19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, after the deposition period:
removing the deposition base plate from the CVD enclosure;
attaching to the CVD enclosure a compatible reactor base plate comprising filament supports and electrical feedthroughs, so that the reactor base plate and the CVD enclosure, in combination, form a sealed CVD reaction chamber;
mounting a CVD deposition filament on the filament supports;
heating the filament; and
depositing polysilicon onto the heated filament within the CVD reaction chamber.
20. A method of applying a metal nitride layer onto an inner surface of an enclosure for a chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) reactor, the method comprising:
providing a CVD enclosure that is configured for attachment to a reactor base plate so as to form a reaction chamber within which materials placed within the reaction chamber can be heated to achieve melting and/or deposition of a chemical agent upon said materials;
attaching a compatible deposition base plate to the CVD enclosure so that the deposition base plate and the CVD enclosure, in combination, form a sealed deposition chamber, the deposition base plate including a metal nitride deposition source extending from the deposition base plate into an interior of the deposition chamber, said deposition base plate being distinct from said reactor base plate;
depositing metal nitride from the deposition source onto an interior surface of the CVD enclosure during a deposition period while varying relative concentrations of metal and nitrogen, thereby creating a metal nitride layer on the interior surface of the CVD enclosure having a metal concentration that is not uniform across a thickness of the metal nitride layer, and imparting to the enclosure a high thermal efficiency at elevated temperatures;
wherein the metal nitride layer has an average reflectivity of at least 90% for all infrared radiation having a wavelength between 0.8 microns and 15 microns;
wherein the metal nitride layer is able to withstand CVD enclosure wall temperatures up to at least 250° C. without failure;
wherein the deposition source is rotated alternately in a clockwise direction and in a counterclockwise direction during the deposition period, said clockwise and counterclockwise rotations being of unequal rotation angles that differ from each other by an increment angle d, said clockwise rotations being repeated N times and said counterclockwise rotations being repeated N times during the deposition period, N being equal to 360/d multiplied by an integer; and
wherein the metal nitride layer is deposited by magnetron sputtering, ion beam assisted magnetron sputtering, cathodic arc deposition, filtered cathodic arc deposition, electron beam evaporation, or thermal evaporation;
removing the deposition base plate from the CVD enclosure;
attaching to the CVD enclosure a compatible reactor base plate comprising filament supports and electrical feedthroughs, so that the reactor base plate and the CVD enclosure, in combination, form a sealed CVD reaction chamber;
mounting a CVD deposition filament on the filament supports;
heating the filament; and
depositing polysilicon onto the heated filament within the CVD reaction chamber.