Friction stir fabrication
A low-temperature friction-based coating method termed friction stir fabrication (FSF) is disclosed, in which material is deposited onto a substrate and subsequently stirred into the substrate using friction stir processing to homogenize and refine the microstructure. This solid-state process is capable of depositing coatings, including nanocrystalline aluminum and/or metal matrix composites and the like, onto substrates such as aluminum at relatively low temperatures. A method of making rod stock for use in the FSF process is also disclosed.
1. A method of forming a surface layer on a substrate comprising:
providing a stirring tool comprising a shoulder and a throat;
providing a coating material, wherein at least a portion of the coating material is disposed within the throat of the stirring tool;
wherein the throat has a cross-sectional area that is the same along the entire length of the stirring tool and a cross-sectional view of the coating material in the throat shows lengthwise contact between the throat and the coating material along the entire length of opposing sides of the portion of the coating material in the throat;
orienting the stirring tool relative to the substrate such that a surface of the shoulder opposes an outer surface of the substrate;
rotating the stirring tool and coating material together at a selected RPM;
imposing relative lateral movement between the stirring tool and the substrate;
depositing the coating material on the substrate to form a coating; and
forming and shearing a surface of the coating by way of contact between the coating and the surface of the shoulder opposing the substrate, and frictional heating and compressive loading of the coating material against the substrate.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the depositing involves applying a force to the coating material to force the coating material out of the stirring tool.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the depositing comprises depositing the coating material on the substrate by plastically deforming and combining both a portion of the coating material and a portion of the substrate to form a coating on the substrate in a volume between the shoulder and the outer surface of the substrate.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rotating of the stirring tool and the coating material is performed at a desired angular velocity.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the stirring tool and the coating material are rotating at the same desired angular velocity.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the throat and coating material each have a surface for engaging one another to provide rotational velocity to the coating material upon rotation of the stirring tool.
7. A method of forming a surface layer on a substrate comprising:
providing a stirring tool comprising a shoulder, a throat, and no pin;
providing a coating material, wherein at least a portion of the coating material is disposed within the throat of the stirring tool;
wherein the throat has a cross-sectional area that is the same along the entire length of the stirring tool and a cross-sectional view of the coating material in the throat shows lengthwise contact between the throat and the coating material along the entire length of opposing sides of the portion of the coating material in the throat;
orienting the stirring tool relative to the substrate such that a surface of the shoulder opposes an outer surface of the substrate;
rotating the stirring tool and coating material;
imposing relative lateral movement between the stirring tool and the substrate;
depositing the coating material on the substrate to form a coating; and
forming and shearing a surface of the coating by way of contact between the coating and the surface of the shoulder opposing the substrate, and frictional heating and compressive loading of the coating material against the substrate.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the depositing involves applying a force to the coating material to force the coating material out of the stirring tool.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the depositing comprises depositing the coating material on the substrate by plastically deforming and combining both a portion of the coating material and a portion of the substrate to form a coating on the substrate in a volume between the shoulder and the outer surface of the substrate.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the rotating of the stirring tool and the coating material is performed at a desired angular velocity.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the stirring tool and the coating material are rotating at the same desired angular velocity.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the throat and coating material each have a surface for engaging one another to provide rotational velocity to the coating material upon rotation of the stirring tool.
13. A method of forming a surface layer on a substrate comprising:
providing a stirring tool comprising a throat and a shoulder;
providing a coating material, wherein at least a portion of the coating material is disposed within the throat of the stirring tool;
wherein the throat has a cross-sectional area that is the same along the entire length of the stirring tool and a cross-sectional view of the coating material in the throat shows lengthwise contact between the throat and the coating material along the entire length of opposing sides of the portion of the coating material in the throat;
orienting the stirring tool relative to the substrate such that a surface of the shoulder opposes an outer surface of the substrate;
rotating the stirring tool and coating material on an axis of rotation, wherein the stirring tool has no pin configured to rotate on the axis of rotation;
imposing relative lateral movement between the stirring tool and the substrate;
depositing the coating material on the substrate to form a coating; and
forming and shearing a surface of the coating by way of contact between the coating and the surface of the shoulder opposing the substrate, and frictional heating and compressive loading of the coating material against the substrate.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the depositing involves applying a force to the coating material to force the coating material out of the stirring tool.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the depositing comprises depositing the coating material on the substrate by plastically deforming and combining both a portion of the coating material and a portion of the substrate to form a coating on the substrate in a volume between the shoulder and the outer surface of the substrate.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the throat and coating material each have a surface for engaging one another to provide rotational velocity to the coating material upon rotation of the stirring tool.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the rotating of the stirring tool and the coating material is performed at a desired angular velocity.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the stirring tool and the coating material are rotating at the same desired angular velocity.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the shoulder has a flat surface geometry.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein the shoulder has a geometry with structure for enhancing mechanical stirring of the coating material during the depositing.