Hydraulic fracture composition and method
View Patent ↗A method for improving the performance of fracturing processes in oil production fields may rely on polymer coated particles carried in the fracturing fluid. The particles may include heavy substrates, such as sand, ceramic sand, or the like coated with polymers selected to absorb water, increasing the area and volume to travel more readily with the flow of fluid without settling out, or allowing the substrate to settle out. Ultimately, the substrate may become lodged in the fissures formed by the pressure or hydraulic fracturing, resulting in propping open of the fissures for improved productivity.
1. A material formed as a proppant for hydraulic fracturing, the material comprising:
a substrate, constituted as grains discrete from one another;
a binder coated onto each of the grains of the substrate, wherein the binder comprises a first volume of a synthetic polymer wetted with a solvent and absent any surfactant, wherein the synthetic polymer comprises a polyacrylamide;
a powder comprising a second volume of the synthetic polymer and absent any surfactant;
the second volume of the synthetic polymer secured to the grains of the substrate by the binder to form proppant particles, wherein the proppant particles are larger than the grains; wherein, in response to a pre-determined condition, at least a portion of the powder is adapted to be removed from the proppant particles while the proppant particles are lodged in a fissure during hydraulic fracturing.
2. The material of claim 1 , wherein the pre-determined condition is selected from:
an amount of water absorbed by the hydrophilic polymer;
a time of exposure of the binder to water;
a time of exposure of the hydrophilic polymer to water;
an exposure of the granules to friction from a formation;
an exposure of the granules to shear from a liquid operating as a carrier to carry the granules into the formation; and exposure to a chemical.
3. The material of claim 1 , wherein:
the binder coats the grains before addition of the powder.
4. The material of claim 3 , wherein the proppant particles are dry and pourable prior to introduction into a carrier fluid.
5. The material of claim 1 , wherein the powder is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 20% of the weight of the substrate.
6. The material of claim 1 , wherein the binder is present in an amount of from about 0.25% to about 3% of the weight of the substrate.
7. The material of claim 1 , wherein the powder forms a substantially even coating on the grains of the substrate.
8. The material of claim 1 , wherein the powder comprises individual particles having a size of at least about 50 mesh.
9. The material of claim 1 , wherein the powder comprises individual particles having a size of at least about 100 mesh.
10. The material of claim 1 , wherein the powder comprises individual particles, wherein each of the individual particles is adapted to absorb water in an amount of from 5 to 40 times the weight of each of the individual particles.
11. A material formed as a proppant for formation fracturing, the material consisting of:
a substrate, constituted as grains discrete from one another and characterized by a substrate average effective diameter;
a binder adhered directly to the grains individually;
a powder formed of a hydrophilic polymer comminuted to a size substantially smaller than that of the substrate to distribute in the binder;
the powder, secured to the particles by the binder, to form granules larger than the grains; and
at least one of the binder and the powder selected to separate from the grains, releasing the grains to settle out of a fluid as a proppant in response to a pre-determined condition.
12. The material of claim 11 , further comprising:
the fluid, operating as a carrier surrounding the granules and sweeping the granules therewith in response to enlarging the granules by absorbing into the granules during flow of the granules and fluid into a rock formation; and
the substrate effective to settle out of the fluid in the absence of at least one of the binder and the hydrophilic polymer due to having a density greater than that of the fluid.
13. The material of claim 12 , wherein the binder, polymer, and substrate are formed together as granules, dry and separate from the fluid before introduction into the formation.
14. The material of claim 12 , wherein the polymer is selected to flow with the carrier by increasing the effective diameter and reducing the effective density of the granules by absorbing the fluid.
15. The material of claim 14 , wherein the polymer is selected to operate as a lubricant against the formation and the substrate is sized to lodge in fissures formed in the formation and having mechanical properties comparable to mechanical properties of rock in the formation, rendering the substrate incompressible for holding open fissures formed in the formation.
16. The material of claim 15 , wherein the pre-determined condition is selected from:
an amount of water absorbed by the hydrophilic polymer;
a time of exposure of the binder to water;
a time of exposure of the hydrophilic polymer to water;
an exposure of the granules to friction from a formation;
an exposure of the granules to shear from a liquid operating as a carrier to carry the granules into the formation; and
exposure to a chemical.
17. A material formed as a proppant for formation fracturing, the material comprising:
a substrate formed of grains of a solid, integral, homogeneous, material having a hardness corresponding to that of a formation;
a binder coated on the individual grains of the substrate and excluding any surfactant;
a powder, formed of a hydrophilic polymer, water soluble, dry, and comminuted to a size substantially smaller than that of a grain of the grains, and applied dry to the binder, securing thereby to the grains to form granules larger than the respective grains;
the powder, selected to swell in response to a fluid by absorbing the fluid to reduce a density of the granules to approximate that of the fluid; and
at least one of the binder and powder, further selected to release from the grain, permitting the grain to drift out of a flow of the fluid in response to a condition, the condition being selected from the group consisting of an amount of water absorbed by the hydrophilic polymer, a time of exposure of the binder to water, a time of exposure of the hydrophilic polymer to water, an exposure of the granules to friction from a formation, an exposure of the granules to shear from a liquid operating as a carrier to carry the granules into the formation, and exposure to a chemical.
18. The material of claim 17 , wherein the polymer has an absorption rate of water selected to increase size, decrease effective density of the granules, and increase fluid drag on the granules by the fluid to effectively flow with the fluid throughout a cross-section of the fluid during flowing thereof.
19. The material of claim 17 , further comprising a second polymer in addition to the hydrophilic polymer, the second polymer selected from a friction reducer, a biocide, an oxygen scavenger, a clay stabilizer, a scale inhibitor, and a gelling agent.
20. The composition of claim 17 , wherein the binder is formed to have a thickness on the substrate and a chemistry selected to complete at least one of:
dissolving during transport of the granules through a formation; and
releasing the substrate from suspension in the fluid to lodge in the formation in response to at least one of dissolving of the binder, dissolving of the polymer, and shearing of the polymer from the substrate.