Cathode active material for lithium ion secondary battery
To provide a cathode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in the cycle characteristics and rate characteristics even when charging is conducted at a high voltage. A cathode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, which comprises particles (III) having a covering layer comprising a metal oxide (I) containing at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Al, Y, Ga, In, La, Pr, Nd, Gd, Dy, Er and Yb, and a compound (II) containing Li and at least one non-metal element selected from the group consisting of S and B, on the surface of a lithium-containing composite oxide, wherein the atomic ratio (the non-metal element/the metal element) contained within 5 nm of the surface layer of the particles (III) is within a specific range.
1. A cathode active material, comprising particles having a covering layer,
wherein:
the covering layer comprises:
(i) a metal oxide comprising Al, and
(ii) a compound comprising Li and at least one non-metal element selected from the group consisting of S and B;
the covering layer is disposed on a surface of a lithium-containing composite oxide comprising lithium and a transition metal element;
an atomic ratio of the non-metal element to the Al present within 5 nm of a surface of the particles is in a range of 0.10 to 0.25; and
the particles have a free Li ratio of at most 0.8 mol %.
2. The cathode active material of claim 1 , wherein a specific surface area of the particles is at least 0.1 m 2 /g and less than 3 m 2 /g.
3. The cathode active material of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide further comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Ga, La, Gd and Er.
4. The cathode active material of claim 1 , wherein the compound is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of Li 2 SO 4 and Li 2 SO 4 .H 2 O.
5. The cathode active material of claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of the Al to the lithium-containing composite oxide is in a range of 0.001 to 0.03.
6. The cathode active material of claim 1 , wherein the particles have a free Li ratio of 0.2 to 0.8 mol %.
7. A cathode comprising the cathode active material of claim 1 , and a binder.
8. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising the cathode of claim 7 , an anode and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
9. A cathode comprising the cathode active material of claim 1 , and a binder,
wherein the non-metal element in the compound has a concentration gradient such that a concentration of the non-metal element decreases from the surface of the particles towards the center of the particles.
10. A process for producing the cathode active material of claim 1 , comprising:
contacting a powder of a lithium-containing composite oxide comprising lithium and a transition metal element with a first aqueous solution comprising a cation (p) having Al and which does not comprise an anion (n) having at least one non-metal element selected from the group consisting of S and B,
contacting the powder of the lithium-containing composite oxide with a second aqueous solution comprising the anion (n), provided that the second aqueous solution may or may not comprise the cation (p), and
heating, after the first and second contacting, the obtained treated powder of the lithium-containing composite oxide to a temperature of from 250 to 700° C.,
wherein in the entire aqueous solution having the first and second aqueous solutions put together, |(number of moles of said anion contained in said second aqueous solution×valency of said anion)|/((number of moles of said cation contained in said first aqueous solution×valency of said cation)+(number of moles of said cation contained in said second aqueous solution×valency of said cation)) is less than 1.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein the first contacting and the second contacting are performed simultaneously.
12. The process of claim 10 , wherein the cation (p) is Al 3+ , and the anion (n) comprises SO 4 2− or B 3 3− .
13. The process of claim 10 , wherein the solvent in the aqueous solutions is water only.
14. The process of claim 10 , wherein the first and second contacting comprises applying the aqueous solution by spray coating to the powder of the lithium-containing composite oxide.
15. A cathode active material, comprising particles having a covering layer,
wherein:
the covering layer comprises:
(i) a metal oxide comprising Al, and
(ii) a compound comprising Li and at least one non-metal element selected from the group consisting of S and B;
the covering layer is disposed on a surface of a lithium-containing composite oxide comprising lithium and a transition metal element;
an atomic ratio of the non-metal element to the Al present within 5 nm of a surface of the particles is in a range of 0.01 to 0.1;
the particles have a free Li ratio of at most 0.8 mol %; and
a specific surface area of the particles is at least 3 m 2 /g and at most 10 m 2 /g.
16. The cathode active material of claim 15 , wherein the metal oxide further comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Ga, La, Gd and Er.
17. The cathode active material of claim 15 , wherein the compound is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of Li 2 SO 4 and Li 2 SO 4 .H 2 O.
18. The cathode active material of claim 15 , wherein a molar ratio of the Al to the lithium-containing composite oxide is in a range of 0.001 to 0.03.
19. The cathode active material of claim 15 , wherein the particles have a free Li ratio of 0.2 to 0.8 mol %.
20. A cathode comprising the cathode active material of claim 15 , and a binder.
21. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising the cathode of claim 10 , an anode and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
22. A cathode comprising the cathode active material of claim 15 , and a binder,
wherein the non-metal element in the compound has a concentration gradient such that a concentration of the non-metal element decreases from the surface of the particles towards the center of the particles.