A hydrophone has a pair of end caps each disposed on a different open end of an air-backed cylinder of a piezoelectric ceramic material. An electrode or lead extends through one of the end caps and into the cylinder, and has a shape and a lateral width that extends across an interior of the cylinder and abuts an inner surface of the cylinder at multiple points.
1. A hydrophone device, comprising:
a) an air-backed cylinder comprising a piezoelectric ceramic material;
b) a pair of end caps each disposed on a different open end of the cylinder;
c) an electrode or lead extending through one of the end caps and into the cylinder;
d) the electrode or lead having a shape and a lateral width that extends across an interior of the cylinder and abuts an inner surface of the cylinder at multiple points; and
e) the electrode or lead having a spring-loaded configuration applying a spring force in a radially outward direction to the inner surface of the cylinder and forming a solderless electrical connection.
2. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the hydrophone device is one of a plurality of hydrophone devices in a towed array.
3. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrode or lead has a substantially round cross-sectional shape.
4. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrode or lead has a coiled shape.
5. The device in accordance with claim 4 , wherein the coiled shape of the electrode or lead has an outer diameter outside of the cylinder that is greater than an inner diameter of the cylinder.
6. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the shape of the electrode or lead is compressed inside the cylinder.
7. The device in accordance with claim 1 , further comprising:
each end cap having a tapered, self-centering protrusion extending into and mating with the cylinder.
8. The device in accordance with claim 1 , further comprising:
each end cap having a convex exterior surface forming a dome.
9. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrode or lead has a distal free end terminating inside of the cylinder.
10. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrode or lead has a self-supporting shape capable of maintaining the shape without external support.
11. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrode or lead forms multiple points of contact with the inner surface of the cylinder and on opposite sides of the cylinder across from one another.
12. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrode or lead extends around a perimeter of the interior surface of the cylinder for at least a complete revolution.
13. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein a majority of a length of the electrode or lead abuts to the inner surface of the cylinder.
14. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein:
the electrode or lead has a coil shape with a tapering outer diameter, a proximal end and a distal free end;
an outer diameter of the proximal end of the coil shape is greater than an inner diameter of the cylinder when the electrode or lead is outside of the cylinder, and the electrode or lead is compressed to reduce the outer diameter of the proximal end of the coil shape to equal the inside diameter of the cylinder when the electrode or lead is inserted into the cylinder;
an outer diameter of the distal free end of the coil is less than the outer diameter of the proximal end of the coil; and
the outer diameter of the distal free end of the coil is less than an inner diameter of the cylinder to facilitate insertion into the cylinder.
15. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrode or lead has a coil shape that is non-circular.
16. The device in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the electrode or lead forms multiple points of contact with the inner surface of the cylinder and on opposite sides of the cylinder across from one another.
17. A hydrophone device, comprising:
a) an air-backed cylinder comprising a piezoelectric ceramic material;
b) a pair of end caps each disposed on a different open end of the cylinder;
c) an electrode or lead extending into the cylinder and being electrically connected to an inner surface of the cylinder without solder;
d) the electrode or lead has a coiled shape abutting to the inner surface of the cylinder; and
e) the electrode or lead having a spring-loaded configuration applying a spring force in a radially outward direction to the inner surface of the cylinder and forming a solderless electrical connection.
18. The device in accordance with claim 17 , wherein the coiled shape of the electrode or lead has an outer diameter outside of the cylinder that is greater than an inner diameter of the cylinder.
19. The device in accordance with claim 17 , wherein the hydrophone device is one of a plurality of hydrophone devices in a towed array.
20. The device in accordance with claim 17 , wherein the coiled shape of the electrode or lead is compressed inside the cylinder.
21. A hydrophone device, comprising:
a) an air-backed cylinder comprising a piezoelectric ceramic material;
b) a pair of end caps each disposed on a different open end of the cylinder;
c) an electrode or lead extending through one of the end caps and into the cylinder and abutting an interior of the cylinder;
d) the electrode or lead having a coiled shape defining a spring-loaded configuration applying a spring force in a radially outward direction to the interior of the cylinder and forming a solderless electrical connection; and
e) the coiled shape of the electrode or lead having an outer diameter outside of the cylinder that is greater than an inner diameter of the cylinder so that the electrode or lead applies a spring force in a radially outward direction to an inner surface of the cylinder.
22. The device in accordance with claim 21 , wherein the hydrophone device is one of a plurality of hydrophone devices in a towed array.