Sorohalide scintillators, phosphors, and uses thereof
The present invention relates to sorohalide compounds having formula A 3 B 2 X 9 , where A is an alkali metal, B is a rare earth metal, and X is a halogen. Optionally, the sorohalide includes a dopant D. Such undoped and doped sorohalides are useful as scintillation materials or phosphors for any number of uses, including for radiation detectors, solid-state light sources, gamma-ray spectroscopy, medical imaging, and drilling applications.
1. A solid-state light source comprising:
a radiation source configured to emit radiation having at least one wavelength from about 200 nm to about 500 nm; and
a scintillation material of formula A 3 B 2-i X 9 :D i , wherein A is an alkali metal, B is a rare earth metal, X is a halogen, and D is a dopant; wherein 0≦i<2; and wherein B and D are different.
2. The light source of claim 1 , wherein the material has formula A 3 B 2-i X 9 :D i and wherein 0.01≦i<2.
3. The light source of claim 2 , wherein D is selected from the group consisting of Ce, Eu, Yb, Mn, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Zr, Hf, Zn, Tl, Ag, Cd, Al, Ga, In, and Sn.
4. The light source of claim 3 , wherein the material has formula A 3 Gd 2-i X 9 :D i .
5. The light source of claim 4 , wherein the material has formula Cs 3 Gd 2-i Br 9 :D i or formula Rb 3 Gd 2-i Br 9 :D i .
6. The light source of claim 2 , wherein the material has formula A 3 Gd 2-i X 9 :Ce i .
7. The light source of claim 2 , wherein the material has formula A 3 Sc 2-i X 9 :D i .
8. The light source of claim 2 , wherein the material has formula A 3 Y 2-i X 9 :D i .
9. The light source of claim 2 , wherein 0.1≦i<1.95.
10. The light source of claim 2 , further comprising a co-dopant.
11. The light source of claim 2 , wherein the material is in monocrystalline form, polycrystalline form, powder form, small crystal form, or large single crystal form.
12. The light source of claim 1 , wherein the scintillation material has formula A 3 Gd 2-i Br 9 :D i .
13. The light source of claim 1 , wherein the scintillation material has formula Cs 3 Gd 2-i Br 9 :Ce i and wherein 0.1≦i<1.95.
14. The light source of claim 1 , wherein the scintillation material has formula Cs 3 Gd 2 Br 9 .
15. The light source of claim 1 , wherein B is Gd, Sc, or Y.
16. The light source of claim 1 , wherein A is Cs or Rb.
17. The light source of claim 1 , wherein the light source is a white light-emitting diode.
18. The light source of claim 1 , wherein the radiation source is a UV or near UV light-emitting diode.
19. The light source of claim 1 , wherein the radiation source is configured to emit radiation having at least one wavelength from about 250 nm to about 410 nm.
20. The light source of claim 1 , wherein the radiation source comprises a UV diode.
21. A method for preparing a scintillation material, the method comprising solution-based synthesis, thereby preparing the scintillation material of formula A 3 B 2-i X 9 :D i , wherein A is an alkali metal, B is a rare earth metal, X is a halogen, and D is a dopant; wherein 0≦i<2; and wherein B and D are different,
wherein the method comprises:
i) dissolving a rare earth metal halide salt BX 3 and an alkali metal AX in HX to form a solution, wherein the rare earth metal halide salt and the alkali metal can be dissolved consecutively in any order or at the same time;
ii) dissolving dopant complex DX 3 in the solution;
iii) evaporating the solution, thereby forming one or more hydrated crystals; and
iv) dehydrating the hydrated crystals to a treatment temperature below about 300° C., thereby forming the scintillation material.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein step i) comprises a stoichiometry ratio of about 3:2 for AX:BX 3 .
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein step iii) comprises slowly heating the HX solution under vacuum and with a cold trap.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein step iv) comprises the treatment temperature at about 250° C. and a duration of at least about 6 hours under vacuum and with a cold trap.
25. The method of claim 21 , thereby forming the scintillation material in crystalline phase or in powder form.
26. The method of claim 21 , wherein step iv) comprises forming the scintillation material having formula A 3 Gd 2-i Br 9 :D i .
27. The method of claim 21 , wherein step iv) comprises forming the scintillation material having formula Cs 3 Gd 2-i Br 9 :Ce i and wherein 0.1≦i<1.95.
28. The method of claim 21 , wherein step iv) comprises forming the scintillation material having formula Cs 3 Gd 2 Br 9 .
29. The method of claim 21 , wherein step iv) comprises forming the scintillation material in which B is Gd, Sc, or Y.
30. The method of claim 21 , wherein step iv) comprises forming the scintillation material in which A is Cs or Rb.