Methods and apparatus for detecting defects in an object of interest
A method for detecting defects in an object of interest comprises applying an ultrasonic signal including a tone burst having a predetermined frequency and number of cycles into an object of interest, receiving a return signal reflected from the object of interest, and processing the return signal to detect defects in at least one inner material. The object may have an outer material and the at least one inner material that have different acoustic impedances. An ultrasonic sensor system includes an ultrasonic sensor configured to generate an ultrasonic signal having a tone burst at a predetermined frequency corresponding to a resonant frequency of an outer material of an object of interest.
1. A method for detecting defects in an object of interest, the method comprising:
applying an ultrasonic signal including a tone burst having a predetermined frequency and number of cycles into an object of interest, the object having an outer material and at least one inner material that have different acoustic impedances, including setting the predetermined frequency of the tone burst at a resonant frequency of the outer material to create a standing wave in the outer material of the object of interest;
receiving a return signal reflected from the object of interest; and
processing the return signal to detect defects in the at least one inner material.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outer material has an acoustic impedance that is higher than an acoustic impedance of the at least one inner material.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the ultrasonic signal into an object of interest includes applying the ultrasonic signal into a solid rocket motor from a location exterior thereto, wherein the outer material includes a case and the at least one inner material includes a liner bonded between the case and propellant.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein processing the return signal includes filtering the return signal.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein filtering the return signal includes:
summing a first portion of the return signal received while the tone burst is being generated;
summing a second portion of the return signal received after the tone burst is finished being generated; and
calculating a ratio that includes the second portion divided by the first portion to assign a value to a pixel of a resulting image.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein summing the first portion and summing the second portion includes averaging energy from the first portion and averaging energy from the second portion, respectively.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein averaging energy includes calculating a root-mean-squared value for the energy.
8. The method of claim 4 , wherein filtering the return signal includes performing a smoothing filter operation on the return signal.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein filtering the return signal includes performing a spatial filter operation on the return signal.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising scanning an ultrasonic sensor across an area of the object of interest, wherein applying the ultrasonic signal, receiving the return signal, and processing the return signal are performed for every data point.
11. An ultrasonic sensor system, including:
an ultrasonic sensor configured to:
generate an ultrasonic signal having a tone burst at a predetermined frequency corresponding to a resonant frequency of an outer material of an object of interest having an outer material and at least one inner material that have different acoustic impedances wherein the predetermined frequency of the tone burst is set at a resonant frequency of the outer material of the object of interest to create a standing wave in the outer material of the object of interest.
12. The ultrasonic sensor system of claim 11 , wherein the tone burst includes a square wave that has a predetermined number of cycles before being shut off.
13. The ultrasonic sensor system of claim 11 , wherein the tone burst includes a sine wave that has a predetermined number of cycles before being shut off.
14. The ultrasonic sensor system of claim 11 , further including a control system operably coupled to the ultrasonic sensor, the control system including a processor, a memory, and an electronic display.
15. The ultrasonic sensor system of claim 14 , wherein the processor is programmed to filter a return signal received by the ultrasonic sensor to generate a pixel value associated with the return signal.
16. The ultrasonic sensor system of claim 15 , wherein the processor is programmed to filter the return signal by taking a ratio of a summed energy received during a first gate period divided by summed energy received during a second gate period.
17. The ultrasonic sensor system of claim 16 , wherein the first gate period occurs after the tone burst has been shut off, and the second gate period occurs during the tone burst.
18. The ultrasonic sensor system of claim 14 , further including a scanning device supporting the ultrasonic sensor, and configured to scan the ultrasonic sensor across the object of interest.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein processing the return signal includes:
generating ratio values from a first summed energy detected during the tone burst and second summed energy detected after the tone burst as stopped; and
constructing a resulting image assigning the ratio values to pixel values of the resulting image.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein constructing the resulting image includes filtering the resulting image by smoothing the pixel values with data points.