Gated 3D camera

1. A camera for determining distances to objects in a three-dimensional (3D) scene, the camera comprising:

a light source controllable to illuminate the 3D scene with trains of pulses of light, the light source having a predetermined operating temperature range and a characteristic spectrum that shifts with temperature;

a photosurface;

optics for imaging light reflected from the trains of light pulses by the objects in the 3D scene on the photosurface; and

a shutter operable to gate the photosurface selectively on and off to capture the imaged light, wherein the shutter has a contrast ratio (CR) that is matched over the operating temperature range of the light source with the temperature shifted characteristic spectrum of the light source so that light from the light source is at wavelengths in a peaking portion of an operating band of the shutter over the operating temperature range of the light source.

2. The camera according to claim 1 wherein the CR of the shutter has a peak at least in a midpoint temperature of the operating temperature range of the light source such that a normalized contrast intensity of the camera is a maximum at the midpoint temperature.

3. The camera of claim 1 wherein bias error resulting from a temperature difference between the light source and the shutter is less than about 10 percent of the displacement of an imaging slice of the scene.

4. The camera of claim 1 wherein the light source comprises at least one vertical cavity surface emitting light emitting laser (VCSEL).

5. The camera of claim 4 wherein the laser and the shutter are manufactured from GaAs.

6. The camera of claim 1 wherein the wherein the light source and shutter are matched so that light from the light source is at wavelengths in an operating band of the shutter when the shutter is operating at a temperature of about 50° C.

7. The camera of claim 4 wherein the light source has a characteristic spectrum with a FWHM width equal to or greater than about 1.5 nm.

8. The camera of claim 4 wherein the VCSEL has a lasing cavity characterized by a diameter about equal to or greater than 20 microns.

9. A camera of claim 1 wherein a normalized convolution of shutter contrast ratio (CR) and characteristic spectrum is greater than or equal to about 10 for a temperature difference between the shutter and light source less than or equal to about 20 degrees C.

10. A camera of claim 1 wherein the light source operates at a power level about equal to or greater than 12 Watts to illuminate the scene with the train of light pulses.

11. A camera for determining distances to a scene, the camera comprising:

a light source comprising at least one vertical cavity surface emitting light emitting laser (VCSEL) controllable to illuminate the scene with a train of pulses of light having a characteristic spectrum;

a photosurface;

optics for imaging light reflected from the light pulses by the scene on the photosurface; and

a shutter operable to gate the photosurface selectively on and off for light in spectrum wherein, at least in a midpoint temperature of a light source heat cycle, the CIN of the camera is a maximum.

12. The camera of claim 11 wherein the shutter is operable to gate the photosurface selectively on and off for light in the spectrum wherein the light source and shutter are matched so that light from the light source is at wavelengths in an operating band of the shutter.

13. The camera of claim 12 wherein a normalized convolution of shutter contrast ratio (CR) and characteristic spectrum is greater than or equal to about 10 for a temperature difference between the shutter and light source less than or equal to about 20° C.

14. The camera of claim 11 wherein the laser and the shutter are manufactured from GaAs.

15. The camera of claim 11 wherein the wherein the light source and shutter are matched so that light from the light source is at wavelengths in an operating band of the shutter when operating at a temperature of about 50° C.

16. The camera of claim 13 wherein the light source has a characteristic spectrum with a FWHM width equal to or greater than about 1.5 nm.

17. The camera of claim 12 wherein the VCSEL has a lasing cavity characterized by a diameter about equal to or greater than 20 microns.

18. A camera for determining distances to a scene, the camera comprising:

a light source having an array of VCSELs providing improved matching of the light source to the camera shutter and being controllable to illuminate the scene with a train of pulses of light having a characteristic spectrum, the light source has a characteristic spectrum with a FWHM width equal to or greater than about 1.5 nm, and a lasing cavity characterized by a diameter about equal to or greater than 20 microns;

a controller coupled to the light source;

a photosurface comprising a CCD or CMOS photosensitive surface;

a lens system for imaging light reflected from the light pulses by the scene on the photosurface; and

a shutter operable to gate the photosurface selectively on and off for light in the spectrum;

a shutter operable to gate the photosurface selectively on and off for light in the spectrum wherein the light source and shutter are matched so that light from the light source is at wavelengths in an operating band of the shutter and wherein, at least in a midpoint temperature of a light source heat cycle, the CIN of the camera is a maximum.

19. The camera of claim 18 wherein bias error resulting from a temperature difference between the light source and the shutter is less than about 10 percent of the displacement of an imaging slice of the scene.

20. The camera of claim 19 wherein a normalized convolution of shutter contrast ratio (CR) and characteristic spectrum is greater than or equal to about 10for a temperature difference between the shutter and light source less than or equal to about 20° C.