Apparatus, system and method for multi-modal volumetric ultrasound imaging and biopsy of a single breast

1. An apparatus for immobilizing and ultrasound imaging of a breast comprising a breast imaging cup, which has an open end and which comprises:

(a) an inner breast cup assembly, which comprises:

(i) a continuous, concave and pliable inner breast cup for placement of a breast to be imaged, and

(ii) an annular flange at the open end of the inner breast cup, and

(b) an outer breast cup assembly, which comprises:

(i) a continuous, concave and rigid outer breast cup comprising a plurality of channels and a plurality of biopsy ports,

(ii) a plurality of pushing stems, each of which has an inner end and an outer end, and

(iii) a plurality of ultrasound transducers, each of which is mounted on the inner end of a pushing stem of the plurality of pushing stems of (ii),

wherein each of the pushing stems of the plurality of pushing stems of (ii), onto the inner end of which is mounted an ultrasound transducer of the plurality of ultrasound transducers of (iii), is in a separate air-tight channel in the outer breast cup and can move along the channel, and

wherein the outer breast cup assembly is removably attached to the annular flange of the inner breast cup assembly.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , which further comprises a vacuum inlet passing through the outer breast cup.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the vacuum inlet passes through a region of the outer breast cup opposite the open end.

4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the inner breast cup is perforated and stretchable.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the outer breast cup assembly further comprises (i) a plurality of spring pushers, wherein each spring pusher is attached to the outer end of a pushing stem and maintains contact between the ultrasound transducer and the outer surface of the inner breast cup, and (ii) a plurality of linear encoders, wherein each linear encoder is attached to a pushing stem, the outer end of which is attached to a spring pusher, and detects the level of displacement of the pushing stem.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the outer breast cup assembly is encased.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein more than one ultrasound transducer of the plurality of ultrasound transducers of (b) (iii) is mounted on the inner end of a pushing stem of the plurality of pushing stems of (b) (ii).

8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein, when more than one ultrasound transducer of the plurality of ultrasound transducers of b) (iii) is mounted on the inner end of a pushing stem of the plurality of pushing stems of (b) (ii), the ultrasound transducers form a two-dimensional array.

9. A method of imaging a breast with ultrasound, which method comprises:

(a) placing the breast in an apparatus for immobilizing and ultrasound imaging of a breast, which apparatus is part of an ultrasound system comprising the apparatus, an ultrasound control, and a computer for image reconstruction and display, wherein the apparatus comprises:

an inner breast cup assembly, which comprises:

(i) a continuous, concave and pliable inner breast cup for placement of a breast to be imaged, and

(ii) an annular flange at the open end of the inner breast cup, and

an outer breast cup assembly, which comprises:

(i) a continuous, concave and rigid outer breast cup comprising a plurality of channels, a plurality of biopsy ports, and a vacuum inlet,

(ii) a plurality of pushing stems, each of which has an inner end and an outer end, and

(iii) a plurality of ultrasound transducers, each of which is mounted on the inner end of a pushing stem of the plurality of pushing stems of (ii),

wherein each of the pushing stems of the plurality of pushing stems of (ii), onto the inner end of which is mounted an ultrasound transducer of the plurality of ultrasound transducers of (iii), is in a separate air-tight channel in the outer breast cup, and

wherein the outer breast cup assembly is removably attached to the annular flange of the inner breast cup assembly;

(b) using a source of vacuum in fluid communication with the vacuum inlet to apply negative pressure to the breast and scanning the breast with ultrasound until each of the plurality of ultrasound transducers successively transmits an ultrasound pulse while the remainder of the plurality of ultrasound transducers detects the transmission of the ultrasound pulse, a reflection of the transmitted ultrasound pulse, and a time-of-flight thereof; and

(c) reconstructing images of the breast, which images comprise an image based on the detection of the transmissions of the ultrasound pulses, an image based on the reflections of the transmitted ultrasound pulses, and an image based on the times-of-flight,

whereupon performing the method comprising (a), (b) and (c), a breast is imaged with ultrasound.

10. The method of claim 9 , which further comprises after (a), (b), and (c):

(d) identifying a suspicious lesion in the breast, and

(e) obtaining a needle biopsy of the suspicious lesion by inserting a biopsy needle through a biopsy port without releasing the negative pressure applied to the breast for imaging, thereby maintaining the placement of the breast in the apparatus.

11. The method of claim 10 , which further comprises:

(f) determining that the suspicious lesion in the breast is cancerous, and

(g) treating the cancerous lesion with radiation or high-intensity, focused ultrasound.

12. The method of claim 9 , which further comprises after (a), (b), and (c):

(d) locating a previously identified cancerous lesion in the breast, and

(e) treating the cancerous lesion with radiation or high-intensity, focused ultrasound.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein multiple non-coplanar ultrasound pulses are detected and attenuation, reflection, and speed of sound are calculated for multiple non-coplanar ultrasound pulses detected at a location in the breast using an iterative algorithm.

14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the outer breast cup assembly is encased.

15. The method of claim 9 , wherein more than one ultrasound transducer of the plurality of ultrasound transducers of (b) (iii) is mounted on the inner end of a pushing stem of the plurality of pushing stems of (b) (ii).

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein, when more than one ultrasound transducer of the plurality of ultrasound transducers of b) (iii) is mounted on the inner end of a pushing stem of the plurality of pushing stems of (b) (ii), the ultrasound transducers form a two-dimensional array.

17. An ultrasound system for imaging a breast comprising the apparatus of claim 1 , an ultrasound control, and a computer for image reconstruction and display.

18. The ultrasound system of claim 17 , wherein the apparatus further comprises a vacuum inlet passing through the outer breast cup and a source of vacuum in fluid communication with the vacuum inlet.

19. The ultrasound system of claim 18 , wherein the vacuum inlet passes through a region of the outer breast cup opposite the open end.

20. The ultrasound system of claim 17 , wherein the inner breast cup of the apparatus is perforated and stretchable.

21. The ultrasound system of claim 17 , wherein the outer breast cup assembly further comprises (i) a plurality of spring pushers, wherein each spring pusher is attached to the outer end of a pushing stem and maintains contact between the ultrasound transducer and the outer surface of the inner breast cup, and (ii) a plurality of linear encoders, wherein each linear encoder is attached to a pushing stem, the outer end of which is attached to a spring pusher, and detects the level of displacement of the pushing stem.

22. The ultrasound system of claim 17 , wherein the computer comprises biopsy planning software that ascertains the optimal biopsy port for insertion of the biopsy needle and the angle and the depth of insertion of the biopsy needle.

23. The ultrasound system of claim 17 , which further comprises a treatment cup, which can be removably attached to the inner breast cup assembly and which can be attached to a high-intensity, focused ultrasound treatment system or a radiation treatment system.

24. The ultrasound system of claim 23 , wherein the computer comprises treatment planning software.

25. A method of irradiating a target in a breast that has been imaged with the ultrasound system of claim 13 , which method comprises:

(a) releasing negative pressure applied to the breast during imaging,

(b) removing the outer breast cup assembly from the patient while leaving the inner breast cup assembly attached to the patient,

(c) attaching a treatment cup to the inner breast cup assembly without altering the attachment of the inner breast cup assembly to the patient,

(d) reapplying the same amount of negative pressure as that which was applied to the breast during imaging,

(e) placing the patient, whose breast is in the treatment cup, on a patient support of a radiation treatment system, and securing the treatment cup to the patient support, and

(f) based on a target delineated on the images obtained using the ultrasound system, directing radiation at the target in the breast,

whereupon performing the method comprising (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) a target in a breast is accurately irradiated.

26. A method of ablating a target in a breast that has been imaged with the ultrasound system of claim 18 , which method comprises:

(a) releasing negative pressure applied to the breast during imaging,

(b) removing the outer breast cup assembly from the patient while leaving the inner breast cup assembly attached to the patient,

(c) attaching a treatment cup to the inner breast cup assembly without altering the attachment of the inner breast cup assembly to the patient,

(d) reapplying the same amount of negative pressure as that which was applied to the breast during imaging,

(e) connecting the treatment cup, to a high-intensity, focused ultrasound treatment system, and

(f) based on a target delineated on images obtained using the ultrasound system, directing high-intensity, focused ultrasound at the target in the breast,

whereupon performing the method comprising (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) a target in a breast is accurately ablated.