Charged porous polymeric membrane with high void volume

1. A microporous membrane comprising a single layer having

(a) a first microporous surface;

(b) a second microporous surface;

(c) a first zone comprising a first porous bulk and the first microporous surface, and a second zone comprising a second porous bulk and the second microporous surface, wherein the first porous bulk comprises a first set of pores having outer rims, prepared by removing introduced dissolvable silica nanoparticles, the first set of pores having a first controlled pore size, and a second set of pores connecting the outer rims of the first set of pores, the second set of pores having a second controlled pore size, and a polymer matrix supporting the first set of pores, wherein the first controlled pore size is greater than the second controlled pore size, and the second porous bulk comprises a third set of pores having outer rims, prepared by removing introduced dissolvable silica nanoparticles, the third set of pores having a third controlled pore size, and a fourth set of pores connecting the outer rims of the third set of pores, the fourth set of pores having a fourth controlled pore size, and a second polymer matrix supporting the third set of pores, wherein the third controlled pore size is greater than the fourth controlled pore size,

wherein the first zone consists of a negatively charged polymer through the first porous bulk and the first microporous surface comprises a negatively charged microporous surface, and the second zone consists of a positively charged polymer through the second porous bulk and the second microporous surface comprises a positively charged microporous surface.

2. The microporous membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the first set of pores have a controlled pore size in the range of from about 50 nm to about 1000 nm.

3. The microporous membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the first set of pores and the third set of pores have substantially the same controlled pore size.

4. The membrane of claim 1 , further comprising at least a third porous bulk comprising a fifth set of pores having outer rims, prepared by removing introduced dissolvable silica nanoparticles, the fifth set of pores having a fifth controlled pore size, and a sixth set of pores connecting the outer rims of the fifth set of pores, the sixth set of pores having a sixth controlled pore size, and a third polymer matrix supporting the fifth set of pores, wherein the fifth controlled pore size is greater than the sixth controlled pore size, the third porous bulk comprising a different charge than the first porous bulk or the second porous bulk.

5. The membrane according to claim 1 , further comprising an additional layer having

(i) an additional layer first porous surface;

(ii) an additional layer second porous surface; and,

(iii) an additional layer porous bulk between the additional layer first porous surface and the additional layer second porous surface wherein the additional layer porous bulk comprises a fibrous matrix; or

(iv) an additional layer first microporous surface;

(v) an additional layer second microporous surface; and,

(vi) an additional layer porous bulk between the additional layer first microporous surface and the additional layer second microporous surface wherein the additional layer porous bulk comprises:

(a) a first set of pores having outer rims, prepared by removing introduced dissolvable silica nanoparticles, the first set of pores having a first controlled pore size, and a second set of pores connecting the outer rims of the first set of pores, the second set of pores having a second controlled pore size, and a polymer matrix supporting the first set of pores, wherein the first controlled pore size is greater than the second controlled pore size;

(b) a set of pores prepared by phase inversion, the set of pores having a controlled pore size; or

(c) a fibrous matrix; or,

(d) a set of pores prepared by stretching or track etching or e-beam, the set of pores having a controlled pore size.

6. A method of making a microporous membrane, the method comprising:

(a) casting a first solution comprising a dissolvable silica nanoparticle-containing polymer solution comprising a negatively charged polymer onto a substrate;

(b) casting a second solution comprising a dissolvable silica nanoparticle-containing polymer solutions comprising a positively charged polymer onto the first solution comprising the dissolvable silica nanoparticle-containing polymer solution comprising the negatively charged polymer;

(c)carrying out phase inversion of the first and second dissolvable silica nanoparticle-containing polymer solutions to provide a membrane;

(d) dissolving the nanoparticles and obtaining a nanoparticle-depleted membrane comprising a first zone comprising a first porous bulk and a first microporous surface, and a second zone comprising a second porous bulk and a second microporous surface, wherein the first zone comprises a negative charge through the first porous bulk and the first microporous surface comprises a negatively charged microporous surface, and the second zone comprises a positive charge through the second porous bulk and the second microporous surface comprises a positively charged microporous surface; and

(e) washing the nanoparticle-depleted membrane.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein (a) comprises casting the first solution comprising the dissolvable silica nanoparticle-containing polymer solution comprising the negatively charged polymer on a substrate pretreated with a preconditioning agent or a release agent.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the preconditioning agent or the release agent is dried on the substrate before casting the first solution comprising the dissolvable silica nanoparticle-containing polymer solution comprising the negatively charged polymer on the pretreated substrate.

9. A method of filtering a fluid, the method comprising passing the fluid through the microporous membrane of claim 1 .

10. A method of filtering a fluid, the method comprising passing the fluid through the microporous membrane according to claim 2 .