Method of manufacturing spark plug electrode material
View Patent ↗A method of manufacturing an electrode material for use in spark plugs and other ignition devices. The electrode material may be manufactured into a desirable form by hot-forming a layered structure that includes a ruthenium-based material core, an iridium-based interlayer disposed over an exterior surface of the ruthenium-based material core, and a nickel-based cladding disposed over an exterior surface of the iridium-based material interlayer. The elongated layered wire produced by the hot-forming then has its nickel-based cladding removed to derive an elongated electrode material wire that includes the ruthenium-based material core encased in the iridium-based material. The elongated electrode material wire can be used to make many different spark plug/ignition device components.
1. A method of manufacturing a spark plug electrode material, the method comprising the steps of:
forming a core of a ruthenium-based material that has a length dimension and a cross-sectional area oriented perpendicular to the length dimension, the ruthenium-based material having ruthenium (Ru) as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage (wt %) basis;
disposing an interlayer of an iridium-based material over an exterior surface of the ruthenium-based material core, the iridium-based material having iridium (Ir) as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage (wt %) basis;
disposing a nickel-based cladding over an exterior surface of the iridium-based interlayer to form a layered structure, the nickel-based cladding having nickel (Ni) as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage (wt %) basis;
hot-forming the layered structure to reduce the cross-sectional area of the ruthenium-based material core to form an elongated layered wire; and
removing the nickel-based cladding from the elongated layered wire to derive an elongated electrode material wire that includes the ruthenium-based material core encased in the iridium-based material.
2. The method set forth in claim 1 , further comprising:
cutting the elongated electrode material wire to form an electrode segment; and
incorporating the electrode segment into a spark plug.
3. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein hot-forming the layered structure into the elongated layered wire reduces the cross-sectional area of the ruthenium-based material core by at least 95%.
4. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein hot-forming of the layered structure comprises:
hot-drawing the layered structure at least once to reduce the cross-sectional area of the ruthenium-based material core; and
annealing the layered structure at least once for every 75% reduction in the cross-sectional area of the ruthenium-based material core.
5. The method set forth in claim 4 , wherein the annealing is performed at a temperature that is below the recrystallization temperature of the ruthenium-based material core.
6. The method set forth in claim 4 , wherein hot-forming the layered structure further comprises:
hot-swaging the layered structure before hot-drawing.
7. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the iridium-based material interlayer has a thickness that ranges from about 50 μm to about 2000 μm before hot-forming, and wherein the nickel-based cladding has a thickness that is equal to or greater than the thickness of the iridium-based material interlayer before hot-forming.
8. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein hot-forming of the layered structure is performed so that the elongated layered wire comprises a fibrous grain structure that includes elongated grains with axial dimensions oriented generally parallel to the length dimension of the ruthenium-based material core.
9. The method set forth in claim 2 , wherein hot-forming of the layered structure is performed so that the elongated layered wire comprises a fibrous grain structure that includes elongated grains with axial dimensions oriented generally parallel to the length dimension of the ruthenium-based material core, wherein cutting of the elongated electrode material wire is performed generally perpendicular to the length dimension of the ruthenium-based material core, and wherein incorporating the electrode segment into a spark plug comprises employing the electrode segment so that a surface of the electrode segment normal to the axial dimensions of the elongated grains constitutes a sparking surface.
10. The method set forth in claim 9 , wherein incorporating the electrode segment into a spark plug comprises attaching the electrode segment to a center electrode of the spark plug by way of an intermediate firing tip component formed of a different material.
11. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the ruthenium-based material core comprises, in addition to ruthenium, one or more precious metals selected from the group consisting of rhodium, iridium, platinum, palladium, gold, and combinations thereof, and one or more refractory metals selected from the group consisting of rhenium, tungsten, and combinations thereof.
12. The method set forth in claim 11 , wherein the ruthenium-based material core comprises 0.1-40 wt. % of the one or more precious metals and 0.1-10 wt. % of the one or more refractory metals.
13. A method of manufacturing a spark plug electrode material, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a layered structure that comprises (1) a core of a ruthenium-based material having ruthenium as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage basis, (2) an interlayer of an iridium-based material disposed over an exterior surface of the ruthenium-based material core, the iridium-based material interlayer having iridium as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage basis, and (3) a nickel-based cladding over an exterior surface of the iridium-based interlayer, the nickel-based cladding having nickel as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage basis;
hot-drawing the layered structure through an opening defined in a heated draw plate;
annealing the layered structure at a temperature that is below the recrystallization temperature of the ruthenium-based material core;
repeating the hot-drawing and annealing steps at least once to form an elongated layered wire; and
removing the nickel-based cladding from the elongated layered wire to derive an elongated electrode material wire that includes the ruthenium-based material core encased in the iridium-based material.
14. The method set forth in claim 13 , further comprising:
hot-swaging the layered structure prior to hot-drawing for the first time.
15. The method set forth in claim 13 , wherein the hot-drawing step provides the ruthenium-based material core with a fibrous grain structure that includes elongated grains.
16. The method set forth in claim 15 , further comprising the steps of:
cutting the elongated electrode material wire generally perpendicular to the elongated grains of the ruthenium-based material core to form an electrode segment; and
attaching the electrode segment to a center electrode or a ground electrode such that a surface of the electrode segment normal to the axial dimensions of the elongated grains constitutes a sparking surface.
17. The method set forth in claim 13 , wherein the iridium-based material interlayer directly contacts the exterior surface of the ruthenium-based material core.