Solid electrolytic capacitor for use in extreme conditions
A capacitor assembly that is capable of performing under extreme conditions, such as at high temperatures and/or high voltages, is provided. The ability to perform at high temperature is achieved in part by enclosing and hermetically sealing the capacitor element within a housing in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere that contains an inert gas, thereby limiting the amount of oxygen and moisture supplied to the solid electrolyte of the capacitor element. Furthermore, the present inventors have also discovered that the ability to perform at high voltages can be achieved through a unique and controlled combination of features relating to the formation of the anode, dielectric, and solid electrolyte. For example, the solid electrolyte is formed from a combination of a conductive polymer and a hydroxy-functional nonionic polymer.
1. A capacitor assembly comprising:
a capacitor element comprising a sintered porous anode body, a dielectric layer that overlies the anode body, and a solid electrolyte overlying the dielectric layer;
a housing that defines an interior cavity within which the capacitor element is positioned and hermetically sealed, wherein the interior cavity has a gaseous atmosphere that contains an inert gas;
an anode termination that is in electrical connection with the anode body; and
a cathode termination that is in electrical connection with the solid electrolyte,
wherein the solid electrolyte contains a first layer that overlies the dielectric layer and a second layer that overlies the first layer, the first layer containing a conductive polymer and the second layer containing a hydroxy-functional nonionic polymer and a second conductive polymer.
2. The capacitor assembly of claim 1 , wherein inert gases constitute from about 50 wt.% to 100 wt.% of the gaseous atmosphere.
3. The capacitor assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a lead that extends in a lateral direction from the porous anode body, wherein the lead is positioned within the interior cavity of the housing.
4. The capacitor assembly of claim 3 , further comprising a connective member that contains a first portion that is positioned generally perpendicular to the lateral direction of the anode lead and connected thereto.
5. The capacitor assembly of claim 4 , wherein the connective member further contains a second portion that is generally parallel to the lateral direction in which the anode lead extends.
6. The capacitor assembly of claim 5 , wherein the second portion is positioned within the housing.
7. The capacitor assembly of claim 1 , wherein the anode body is formed from a powder that contains tantalum, niobium, or an electrically conductive oxide thereof.
8. The capacitor assembly of claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer, the second conductive polymer, or both the conductive polymer and second conductive polymer, is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).
9. The capacitor assembly of claim 1 , wherein the solid electrolyte comprises a plurality of pre-polymerized conductive polymer particles.
10. The capacitor assembly of claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer contained in the second layer further comprises a plurality of pre-polymerized conductive polymer particles.
11. The capacitor assembly of claim 1 , wherein the hydroxy-functional polymer is a polyalkylene ether.
12. The capacitor assembly of claim 11 , wherein the polyalkylene ether is a polyalkylene glycol.
13. The capacitor assembly of claim 1 , further comprising an external polymer coating that overlies the solid electrolyte, wherein the external polymer coating contains a plurality of pre-polymerized conductive polymer particles.
14. The capacitor assembly of claim 13 , wherein the external polymer coating contains a first layer that overlies the solid electrolyte and a second layer that overlies the first layer, wherein the first layer contains a crosslinking agent and the second layer contains the pre-polymerized conductive polymer particles.
15. The capacitor assembly of claim 1 , wherein the assembly exhibits a wet-to-dry capacitance of about 60% or more.
16. A method of forming a capacitor assembly that comprises a capacitor element comprising a sintered porous anode body, a dielectric layer that overlies the anode body, and a solid electrolyte overlying the dielectric layer, the capacitor assembly further comprising a housing that defines an interior cavity within which the capacitor element is positioned and hermetically sealed, wherein the interior cavity has a gaseous atmosphere that contains an inert gas, the method comprising:
positioning the capacitor element within the interior cavity of the housing;
electrically connecting the anode body of the capacitor element to an anode termination and the solid electrolyte of the capacitor element to a cathode termination; and
hermetically sealing the capacitor element within the housing in the presence of the gaseous atmosphere,
wherein the solid electrolyte is formed by a method that comprises forming a first layer that contains a conductive polymer, and thereafter forming a second layer that overlies the first layer and contains a second conductive polymer and a hydroxy-functional nonionic polymer.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the hydroxy-functional polymer is applied in the form of a dispersion that contains a plurality of pre-polymerized conductive polymer particles.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the hydroxy-functional nonionic polymer is applied in the form of a solution.