Methods, devices and systems for photoplethysmography at the nasal columella
Provided according to embodiments of the invention are photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors, systems and methods of using the same. In some embodiments of the invention, methods of obtaining a photoplethysmography (PPG) signals include securing a PPG sensor onto a nasal columella of an individual; and obtaining a PPG signal from the PPG sensor.
1. A method of obtaining a photoplethysmography (PPG) signal, comprising:
securing a PPG sensor onto a nasal columella of an individual; and
obtaining a PPG signal from the PPG sensor, wherein the PPG sensor is configured such that an emitter on the PPG sensor emits radiation through a portion of the nasal columella and a detector on the PPG sensor detects light transmitted through or reflected by the portion of the nasal columella.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PPG sensor comprises a secondary respiration detector.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the PPG sensor comprises two secondary respiration detectors.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein a first secondary respiration detector is configured to detect airflow from a first nostril, and wherein a second secondary respiration detector is configured to detect airflow from a second nostril.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the secondary respiration detector comprises a thermistor.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the secondary respiration detector comprises a capnometer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the PPG sensor comprises a flexible molded polymeric clip body.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein a first end portion of the polymeric clip body secures to a first portion of nasal columella tissue and a second end portion of the polymeric clip body secures to a second end portion of nasal columella tissue.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the clip body generally conforms to the curvature of the nasal columella.
10. A photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor comprising a clip body configured to secure to the nasal columella, wherein the clip body is configured to extend into the nostril a distance in a range of 4 to 8 mm.
11. The PPG sensor of claim 10 , wherein a surface of the clip body is shaped to conform to a curvature of the nasal columella.
12. The PPG sensor of claim 10 , further comprising a secondary respiration detector.
13. The PPG sensor of claim 12 , wherein the secondary respiration detector comprises a thermistor.
14. The PPG sensor of claim 10 , further comprising at least two secondary respiration detectors.
15. The PPG sensor of claim 14 , wherein a first secondary respiration detector is positioned on the sensor such that it is exposed to airflow from a first nostril and a second secondary respiration detector is positioned on the sensor such that it is exposed to airflow from a second nostril.
16. The PPG sensor of claim 10 , wherein a first end portion of the clip body secures to a portion of nasal columella tissue adjacent to a first nostril of an individual and a second end portion of the clip body secures to a portion of nasal columella tissue adjacent to a second nostril of the individual.
17. The PPG sensor of claim 10 , wherein the sensor comprises:
(a) a clip body comprising a first end portion and a second end portion;
(b) a flex circuit attached or adjacent to the clip body, wherein the flex circuit comprises an emitter and a detector; and
(c) an elastomeric sleeve that envelops (1) at least part of the first end portion and at least part of the flex circuit attached or adjacent thereto; or (2) at least part of the second end portion and at least part of the flex circuit attached or adjacent thereto.
18. The PPG sensor of claim 17 , wherein the elastomeric sleeve compressively envelops (1) the at least part of the first end portion and the at least part of the flex circuit attached or adjacent thereto; or (2) the at least part of the second end portion and the at least part of the flex circuit attached or adjacent thereto.
19. The PPG sensor of claim 18 , wherein no adhesive is present between the clip body and the flex circuit, between the clip body and the elastomeric sleeve or between the flex circuit and the elastomeric sleeve.
20. The PPG sensor of claim 10 , wherein the clip body is a flexible molded polymer clip.
21. A system for monitoring a subject, comprising the PPG sensor of claim 10 ; and a computer communicatingly connected to the PPG sensor.
22. The system of claim 21 , wherein the computer comprises a processing module configured to process PPG signals from the PPG sensor to determine the respiratory rate of the subject.
23. The system of claim 21 , wherein the computer comprises a processing module configured to process PPG signals from the PPG sensor to monitor blood flow in the subject.
24. A photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor comprising (1) a clip body configured to secure and obtain photoplethysmography signals from tissue at the nasal columella and (2) an extended sensor portion configured to secure and obtain photoplethysmography signals from tissue at a secondary nasal location.
25. The PPG sensor of claim 24 , wherein the secondary nasal location is the tip of the nose.
26. A method of obtaining a photoplethysmography (PPG) signal, comprising:
securing the PPG sensor of claim 24 onto an individual;
and obtaining a PPG signal from at least one detector positioned at the columella and/or at least one detector positioned at the secondary nasal location.