Preparation of advanced CCMs for AMFCs by amination and cross-linking of the precursor form of the ionomer
In an AMFC, in the formation of a CCM, the anode catalyst layer is selectively cross-linked while the cathode catalyst layer is not cross-linked. This has been found to provide structural stabilization of the CCM without loss of initial power value for a CCM without cross-linking.
1. An alkaline membrane fuel cell comprising:
an anode electrode;
a membrane electrolyte configured to conduct hydroxyl (OH—) anion constructed from a poly-hydrocarbon or poly-perfluorocarbon backbone and OH— anion carrying units, the membrane having an interface in physical contact with the anode electrode on a first surface of the membrane;
a cathode electrode in physical contact with a second opposite surface of the membrane;
the anode electrode and the cathode electrode each having a catalyst layer;
wherein an ionomer component of the catalyst layer on the anode electrode is cross-linked to achieve structural stabilization without loss of cell power and wherein the cathode electrode is retained in a non-cross-linked form, and
wherein preparation of the cross-linked ionomer component of the catalyst layer is completed by amination and cross-linking using a cross-linking agent, the cross-linking agent is a diamine, or mixture of diamines.
2. The fuel cell in claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell not including an external supply of water.
3. The fuel cell in claim 1 wherein the cross-linked anode side of the fuel cell includes the membrane catalyzed on one side with a polymer in both membrane and electrode in precursor form and wherein the precursor is an ionomer possessing high Ionic Equivalent Capacity (IEC).
4. The fuel cell in claim 2 wherein cross-linking of the anode ionomer takes place by preparation of an anode gas-diffusion electrode (GDE) with the anode catalyst layer applied to a gas-diffusion layer (GDL) in a process which involves cross-linking of the ionomer in the anode catalyst layer and the GDE so formed is compressed during cell building onto one side of a membrane in ionic form, wherein the membrane was pre-catalyzed on its other side by a cathode catalyst layer and the cell completed by a second GDL adjacent the outer side of the cathode catalyst layer.
5. The fuel cell of claim 1 wherein a polymeric component in the catalyst layer is a mixture of precursor form and active, ionic form.
6. The fuel cell of claim 3 , wherein the membrane and the anode catalyst layer having undergone a two-step conversion to fuel cell active, ionomer form (OH— form), through use of animation and cross-linking agents.
7. An alkaline membrane fuel cell comprising;
an anode electrode;
a membrane electrolyte configured to conduct hydroxyl (OH—) anion constructed from a poly-hydrocarbon or poly-perfluorocarbon backbone and OH— anion carrying units, the membrane having an interface in physical contact with the anode electrode on a first surface, of the membrane;
a cathode electrode in physical contact with a second opposite surface of the membrane;
the anode electrode and the cathode electrode each having a catalyst layer;
wherein an ionomer component of the catalyst layer on the anode electrode is cross-linked to achieve structural stabilization without loss of cell power;
wherein the cathode electrode is retained in a non-crosslinked form;
wherein the anode side of the fuel cell includes a polymer in both membrane and electrode in precursor form;
wherein amination and cross-linking have been applied to the precursor form using a non-aqueous solvent toluene; and
wherein the cross-linking is performed by using a cross-linking agent, the cross-linking agent is a diamine, or mixture of diamines, where the diamines serve in mixture with monoamine, or by themselves.