Cryopreservation of viable human skin substitutes

1. A method of cryopreserving an organotypically cultured skin equivalent to maintain viable tissue comprising:

treating an organotypically cultured skin equivalent in a cryoprotectant solution in a single step, wherein said organotypically cultured skin equivalent comprises stratified squamous epithelia on a dermal layer comprising fibroblasts embedded in collagen, and wherein the cryoprotectant solution comprises glycerol in an amount that is about 21% to about 70% of the cryoprotectant solution by volume;

separating the treated organotypically cultured skin equivalent from excess cryoprotectant solution to provide a treated skin equivalent that is substantially free of excess cryoprotectant on the exterior surfaces of the skin equivalent;

packaging said organotypically cultured skin equivalent in the absence of additional cryoprotectant to provide a packaged skin equivalent; and

freezing said packaged organotypically cultured skin equivalent to provide a cryopreserved skin equivalent that retains viability after thawing.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said freezing further comprises freezing at about −80 C.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said freezing further comprises direct exposure to temperatures ranging from about −50 C. to −100 C.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said packaging further comprises enclosing said cryopreserved skin equivalent in a sterile bag and enclosing said sterile bag in a second bag.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said organotypically cultured skin equivalents comprise NIKS cells.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein said NIKS cells comprise an exogenous nucleic acid sequence encoding an exogenous polypeptide.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cryopreserved skin equivalent has an A 550 of at least 50% of a reference skin equivalent as determined by an MTT assay.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising thawing said cryopreserved skin equivalent and applying said thawed skin equivalent to a patient in need thereof, wherein said thawed skin equivalent is not rinsed prior to said application to said patient.

9. A method of producing a cryopreserved skin equivalent comprising:

providing a culture dish comprising an insert movable between upper and lower positions in said culture dish, said insert having a bottom planar surface formed from a porous membrane,

forming a dermal equivalent comprising fibroblast cells on said porous membrane in said insert, wherein said insert is placed in said upper position in said culture dish,

culturing said fibroblast cells to form a dermal equivalent,

applying keratinocytes to said dermal equivalent,

culturing said keratinocytes in a culture medium under conditions such that said keratinocytes form a skin equivalent comprising stratified epithelium,

removing said culture medium,

lowering said insert to said lower position,

treating said skin equivalent with a cryoprotectant solution wherein the cryoprotectant solution comprises glycerol in an amount that is about 21% to about 70% of the cryoprotectant solution by volume,

separating the treated organotypically cultured skin equivalent from excess cryoprotectant solution to provide a treated skin equivalent that is substantially free of excess cryoprotectant on the exterior surfaces of the skin equivalent, and

freezing said skin equivalent in said culture dish in the absence of additional cryoprotectant to provide a cryopreserved skin equivalent that retains viability after thawing.