Methods for the electrochemical treatment of self-assembled monolayers
The present invention provides compositions and methods directed to an electrode initialization step for the electrochemical treatment of monolayers used in electrochemical detection of target analytes on the surface of a monolayer. Electrode initialization creates a more stable monolayer, and resolves variability within the electrochemical signal detected on the monolayer.
1. A method for detecting the presence of a target nucleic acid in a sample, the method comprising:
a) providing an electrode comprising a monolayer and a capture probe;
b) initializing the electrode comprising applying an electronic signal completed in 0.5 to 5 seconds to the electrode, said initializing being completed before forming an assay complex comprising said capture probe, said target nucleic acid and a label probe comprising an electron transfer moiety, wherein said initializing comprises a voltage sweep from 150 mV to 750 mV and reduces non-specific binding of free-floating label probes to said electrode;
c) after said initializing, hybridizing the probe to said target nucleic acid and to said capture probe to form an assay complex; and
d) electronically detecting the presence or absence of said target nucleic acid in said sample, wherein the detecting provides a higher signal-to-noise ratio than a method wherein no initializing step b) is performed.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said voltage sweep is done for at least 1.0 seconds.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the monolayer is a self-assembled monolayer.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the self-assembled monolayer comprises insulators.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the self-assembled monolayer comprises conductive oligomers.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the capture probe further comprises an attachment linker.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electron transfer moiety is a metallocene.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the metallocene is a ferrocene.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the ferrocene is a ferrocene derivative.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is gold.
11. The method of claim 2 , wherein electrode initialization is performed for 1 second.
12. The method of claim 2 , wherein electrode initialization is performed for 2 seconds.
13. The method of claim 2 , wherein electrode initialization is performed for 5 seconds.
14. A method for detecting the presence of a target nucleic acid in a sample, the method comprising:
a) hybridizing a target nucleic acid and a signal probe;
b) providing the hybridized target nucleic acid and signal probe to an electrode comprising a monolayer and a capture probe;
c) applying an electronic signal which is completed in 0.5 to 5 seconds;
d) after applying the electronic signal, hybridizing the probe and target nucleic acid to the capture probe; and
e) electronically detecting the presence or absence of said target nucleic acid in said sample.
15. A method for reducing background nonspecific signal in a sample, the method comprising:
a) hybridizing a target nucleic acid and a signal probe;
b) providing the hybridized target nucleic acid and signal probe to an electrode comprising a capture probe;
b) applying an initialization voltage scan which is completed in 0.5 to 5 seconds;
c) after applying the initialization voltage scan, hybridizing the probe and target nucleic acid to a capture probe; and
d) applying a second voltage scan to electronically detect the presence or absence of said target nucleic acid in said sample.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein said initializing increases the non-linear harmonic response.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein said initializing reduces the 5th bump in the 4th harmonic signal.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein said electronically detecting is at the third, fourth or fifth harmonics.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein said initializing reduces background nonspecific signal by about 15%.