AUTOFOCUS METHOD FOR IMAGING A BIOLOGICAL SAMPLE AND CARTRIDGE FOR USE THEREIN
A method of automatically focusing a microscope on a specimen is carried out by capturing an image from each of a plurality of focal planes in or on said specimen, calculating a focus score for each of said images, selecting the focal plane corresponding to the image having the best focus score, and then repositioning said specimen relative to said microscope so that said microscope is focused on said selected focal plane, the method includes a plurality of exogenous targets in or on said specimen, which aids in focusing in the event particular objects of interest, such as cells/pathogens that may or may not be in the sample, are not present, or are present in low numbers. Automated microscopes and microscope cartridges useful in such methods are also described, along with methods of detecting pathogens in biological samples.
1 . A method of automatically focusing a microscope on a specimen, comprising:
capturing an image from each of a plurality of focal planes in or on said specimen, with a plurality of exogeneous targets in or on said specimen;
calculating a focus score for each of said images,
selecting the focal plane corresponding to the image having the best focus score, and then
repositioning said specimen relative to said microscope so that said microscope is focused on said selected focal plane.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said exogenous targets are particles.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said exogenous targets have an average diameter of from 0.1 micrometers up to 10 micrometers.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said exogenous targets are fluorescent.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein said exogenous targets:
fluoresce at a peak absorption wavelength of at least 420 nanometers and at not more than 540 nanometers;
fluoresce at a peak emission wavelength of at least 450 nanometers not more than 590 nanometers; and
and wherein said peak absorption wavelength and said peak emission wavelength differ by at least 10 nanometers.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said microscope is an epifluorescent microscope.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said specimen comprises a biological sample.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said specimen comprises cells to be imaged and/or counted, and wherein said exogeneous targets are optically distinguishable from said cells.
9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein said cells comprise mammalian cells, bacterial cells, fungal cells, or algae cells.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein said cells are stained with acridine orange.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said specimen is contained within an enclosed chamber.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said capturing and calculating steps are carried out at a plurality of separate locations in said specimen;
said method further comprising interpolating a non-planar focal plane for said specimen.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein said repositioning is step is repeated at a plurality of locations in said position based on said interpolated non-planar focal plane.
14 . In an automated microscope comprising a specimen support stage, an objective lens, a camera, at least one drive assembly operatively associated with said support stage and/or said objective lens, the improvement comprising:
a controller operatively associated with said at least one drive assembly and configured to carry out a method of claim 1 .
15 . A cartridge for imaging a specimen on an automated microscope, the cartridge comprising:
a substrate,
a chamber or generally planar imaging surface on or in said substrate for containing or supporting said specimen;
a plurality of exogeneous targets in said chamber or on said surface;
at least one optically transparent wall formed on or forming said chamber to facilitate imaging the contents thereof.
16 . The cartridge of claim 15 , wherein said exogenous targets are particles.
17 . The cartridge of claim 15 , wherein said exogenous targets have an average diameter of from 0.1 micrometers up to 10 micrometers.
18 . The cartridge of claim 15 , wherein said exogenous targets are fluorescent.
19 . The cartridge of claim 18 , wherein said exogenous targets:
Fluoresce at a peak absorption wavelength of at least 420 nanometers and at not more than 540 nanometers;
fluoresce at a peak emission wavelength of at least 450 nanometers and not more than 590 nanometers;
and wherein said peak absorption wavelength and said peak emission wavelength differ by at least 10 nanometers.
20 . The cartridge of claim 15 , wherein said exogeneous targets are included in said chamber or on said surface at a plurality of locations.
21 . A method of detecting the presence of a Mycoplasma in a milk or colostrum sample, comprising:
combining a milk sample with antibodies that bind Mycoplasma , sand antibodies including IgY antibodies; and then
detecting the presence or absence of binding of Mycoplasma to said antibodies.
22 . The method of claim 21 , wherein said antibodies further comprise IgG antibodies that bind the same Mycoplasma as said IgY antibodies;
23 . The method of claim 21 , wherein said Mycoplasma is selected from the group consisting of mycoplasma bovis, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, mycoplasma laboratorium, mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumonia , and mycoplasma haemofelis.
24 . The method of claim 21 , wherein said milk or colostrums sample is unfractionated and optionally diluted.
25 . The method of claim 21 , wherein said detecting step is carried out by staining said Mycoplasma with a fluorescent stain, and then detecting said stained Mycoplasma by fluorescence microscopy.
26 . The method of claim 25 , wherein said fluorescent stain is acridine orange.