Molecular profiling of tumors
Provided herein are methods and systems of molecular profiling of diseases, such as cancer. In some embodiments, the molecular profiling can be used to identify treatments for a disease, such as treatments that were not initially identified as a treatment for the disease or not expected to be a treatment for a particular disease.
1. A method of identifying at least one candidate treatment for a subject in need of treatment for a cancer, comprising:
(a) performing an immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis on a sample from the subject on a plurality of IHC molecular targets, wherein the plurality of IHC molecular targets comprises at least TOP1, TYMS, MGMT, PTEN, and HER2;
(b) performing an in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis on the sample on a plurality of ISH molecular targets, wherein the plurality of ISH molecular targets comprises at least HER2 and cMET;
(c) performing DNA sequencing analysis on the sample on a plurality of sequencing molecular targets, wherein the plurality of sequencing molecular targets comprises at least PIK3CA, KRAS, and BRAF;
(d) using a computer to access a rules database comprising at least one biomarker-drug association rules for each of the molecular targets analyzed in steps (a)-(c); and
(e) producing a computer generated report based on a comparison of analysis in steps (a)-(c) against the rules assessed in step (d), wherein the report identifies the at least one candidate treatment.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, fresh frozen (FF) tissue, a biopsy, a core-needle biopsy, a fine needle aspiration biopsy, or tissue comprised in a solution that preserves nucleic acid or protein molecules.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rules contained within the rules database are based on the efficacy of at least one therapeutic that targets a particular gene or gene product.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one candidate treatment is presented in a prioritized list.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one candidate treatment comprises 5-fluorouracil, abarelix, Alemtuzumab, aminoglutethimide, Anastrazole, aromatase inhibitors (anastrazole, letrozole), asparaginase, aspirin, ATRA, azacitidine, bevacizumab, bexarotene, Bicalutamide, bortezomib, calcitriol, capecitabine, Carboplatin, celecoxib, Cetuximab, Chemoendocrine therapy, cholecalciferol, Cisplatin, carboplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Cyclophosphamide/Vincristine, cytarabine, dasatinib, decitabine, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Erlotinib, Etoposide, exemestane, fluoropyrimidines, Flutamide, fulvestrant, Gefitinib, Gefitinib combined with Trastuzumab, Gemcitabine, gonadorelin, Goserelin, hydroxyurea, Imatinib, Irinotecan, Ixabepilone, Lapatinib, Letrozole, Leuprolide, liposomal doxorubicin, medroxyprogesterone, megestrol, methotrexate, mitomycin, nab-paclitaxel, octreotide, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Panitumumab, pegaspargase, pemetrexed, pentostatin, sorafenib, sunitinib, Tamoxifen, Tamoxifen-based treatment, Temozolomide, topotecan, toremifene, Trastuzumab, VBMCP/Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, or any combination thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one candidate treatment comprises 5FU, bevacizumab, capecitabine, cetuximab, cetuximab +gemcitabine, cetuximab +irinotecan, cyclophospohamide, diethylstibesterol, doxorubicin, erlotinib, etoposide, exemestane, fluoropyrimidines, gemcitabine, gemcitabine +etoposide, gemcitabine +pemetrexed, irinotecan, irinotecan +sorafenib, lapatinib, lapatinib +tamoxifen, letrozole, letrozole +capecitabine, mitomycin, nab-paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel +gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel +trastuzumab, oxaliplatin, oxaliplatin +5FU +trastuzumab, panitumumab, pemetrexed, sorafenib, sunitinib, sunitinib, sunitinib +mitomycin, tamoxifen, temozolomide, temozolomide +bevacizumab, temozolomide +sorafenib, trastuzumab, vincristine, or any combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has been previously treated with at least one therapeutic agent to treat the cancer.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has not previously been treated with the at least one candidate therapeutic agent identified in step (e).
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer comprises a metastatic cancer.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer is refractory to a prior treatment.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the prior treatment comprises the standard of care for the cancer.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer comprises a peritoneal pseudomyxoma, anal canal squamous cell carcinoma, vagina squamous cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, eccrine seat adenocarinoma, salivary gland adenocarinoma, uterine soft tissue sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), thyroid-anaplastic cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, mesothelioma, esophageal small cell carcinoma, retroperiteneal small cell carcinoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, pancreas neuroendocrine tumor, cancer of the colon and/or rectum, leukemia, skin cancer, melanoma, bone cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, cancer of the larynx, gallbladder cancer, parathyroid cancer, thyroid cancer, adrenal cancer, neural tissue cancer, head and neck cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, stomach cancer, bronchi cancer, kidney cancer, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of both ulcerating and papillary type, metastatic skin carcinoma, osteo sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, veticulum cell sarcoma, myeloma, giant cell tumor, small-cell lung tumor, islet cell carcinoma, primary brain tumor, acute lymphocytic and granulocytic tumor, chronic lymphocytic and granulocytic tumor, hairy-cell tumor, adenoma, hyperplasia, medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuroma, intestinal ganglioneuroma, hyperplastic corneal nerve tumor, marfanoid habitus tumor, Wilm's tumor, seminoma, ovarian tumor, leiomyoma, cervical dysplasia, cervical in situ carcinoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant carcinoid, topical skin lesion, mycosis fungoides, rhabdomyosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, osteogenic and other sarcoma, malignant hypercalcemia, renal cell tumor, polycythermia vera, adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma multiforma, lymphoma, malignant melanoma, or epidermoid carcinoma.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer comprises a cancer of the accessory, sinuses, middle and inner ear, adrenal glands, appendix, hematopoietic system, bones and joints, spinal cord, breast, cerebellum, cervix uteri, connective and soft tissue, corpus uteri, esophagus, eye, nose, eyeball, fallopian tube, extrahepatic bile ducts, mouth, intrahepatic bile ducts, kidney, appendix-colon, larynx, lip, liver, lung and bronchus, lymph nodes, cerebral, spinal, nasal cartilage, retina, eye, oropharynx, endocrine glands, female genital, ovary, pancreas, penis and scrotum, pituitary gland, pleura, prostate gland, rectum renal pelvis, ureter, peritonem, salivary gland, skin, small intestine, stomach, testis, thymus, thyroid gland, tongue, unknown, urinary bladder, uterus, vagina, labia, or vulva.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises cells selected from the group consisting of adipose, adrenal cortex, adrenal gland, adrenal gland—medulla, appendix, bladder, blood, blood vessel, bone, bone cartilage, brain, breast, cartilage, cervix, colon, colon sigmoid, dendritic cells, skeletal muscle, enodmetrium, esophagus, fallopian tube, fibroblast, gallbladder, kidney, larynx, liver, lung, lymph node, melanocytes, mesothelial lining, myoepithelial cells, osteoblasts, ovary, pancreas, parotid, prostate, salivary gland, sinus tissue, skeletal muscle, skin, small intestine, smooth muscle, stomach, synovium, joint lining tissue, tendon, testis, thymus, thyroid, uterus, uterus corpus, and a combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer comprises a breast, colorectal, ovarian, or lung cancer.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the report is displayed using a computer display or a printed report.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of IHC molecular targets further comprises at least EGFR, PGP, RRM1, and TLE3.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of ISH molecular targets further comprises at least TOP2A.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of sequencing molecular targets further comprises at least c-KIT and EGFR.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the DNA sequencing analysis in step (c) is configured to identify at least one of a mutation, polymorphism, deletion, insertion, substitution, translocation, fusion, break, duplication, amplification or repeat in a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to at least one member of the plurality of sequencing molecular targets.