Detecting and marking client devices

1. A method carried out by an apparatus for marking client devices infected with malware, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a multiplicity of domain name system, DNS, query messages from a plurality of client devices;

for each received DNS query message to a non-malware domain name, sending a DNS response message to the corresponding client device including a non-marker DNS record with a default time-to-live, TTL, value; and

for each received DNS query message to a malware domain name, sending a marker DNS response message associated with the malware domain name to the corresponding client device for subsequently detecting whether the client device is infected with malware when the client device requests access to a communication network;

wherein the marker DNS response message associated with the malware domain includes a marker DNS record with a TTL value of one or more hours that is substantially greater than the default TTL value.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising for each DNS query message to a malware domain name:

inserting a marker IP address into the marker DNS response message to replace the IP address associated with the malware domain name; and

storing a mapping between the marker IP address and the malware domain name in a database.

3. A method as claimed in claim 2 , further comprising, for each DNS query to a malware domain name, generating the marker IP address to be different to previous marker IP addresses associated with the malware domain name.

4. A method as claimed in claim 1 , the method further comprising for each DNS query to a malware domain name from a client device:

detecting the DNS query message from the client device to the malware domain name;

identifying a DNS response message corresponding to the detected DNS query message, the DNS response message including a malware DNS record comprising an interne protocol, IP, address corresponding to the malware domain name;

modifying the DNS response message to further include the marker DNS record with a TTL value that is substantially greater than the default TTL value, the marker DNS record comprising a marker domain name and a corresponding marker IP address; and

sending the modified DNS response message as the marker DNS response message to the client device in place of the original DNS response message.

5. A method carried out by a connection system for detecting whether client devices have been marked as infected with malware, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a connection request from a client device of the plurality of client devices for access to a communication network;

sending marker detection information to the client device for identifying whether the client device is marked as infected with malware, the marker detection information based on marker domain name system, DNS, response message(s) associated with one or more malware domain name(s), wherein the marker DNS response message(s) includes a marker DNS record with a time to live, TTL, value of one or more hours that is substantially greater than a default TTL value for non-marker DNS records, and the marker DNS response message(s) are sent to one or more of the plurality of client device(s) for marking those client device(s) as infected with malware that sent one or more DNS query message(s) associated with said malware domain name(s);

receiving an indication from the client device as to whether the client device is marked as infected with malware;

determining, from the indication, whether the client device is infected with malware;

blocking the client device access to the communication network in relation to the connection request when the client device is determined to be infected with malware; and

granting the client device access to the communication network in relation to the connection request when the client device is determined not to be infected with malware.

6. A method as claimed in claim 5 , wherein:

the marker detection information configures the client device to:

connect to all malware domains associated with previously stored mappings of marker IP addresses to malware domain names;

determine, for each connection attempt to a malware domain name, whether the client device is infected with malware by:

determining that the client device is infected with malware when an IP address used by the client device in the connection attempt to the malware domain name corresponds to a previously stored mapping; and

determining that the client device is not infected with malware when an IP address used by the client device in the connection attempt to the malware domain name does not correspond to a previously stored mapping;

configuring the indication to include data representative of whether the client device is infected with malware.

7. A method as claimed in claim 5 , wherein:

the marker detection information configures the client device to connect to all malware domains associated with previously stored mappings of marker IP addresses to malware domain names;

the indication includes data representative of IP address information associated with connection attempts by the client device to the malware domain names;

the step of determining further comprises, for each connection attempt to a malware domain name:

determining that the client device is infected with malware when the IP address information indicates an IP address used by the client device in the attempt to connect to the malware domain name matches a previously stored mapping; and

determining that the client device is not infected with malware when the IP address information indicates an IP address used by the client device in the attempt to connect to the malware domain name does not match a previously stored mapping.

8. A method as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the marker detection information configures the client device to perform the steps of

connecting to a set of malware domain names for determining a corresponding set of connection time periods for use in determining whether the client device is marked as infected with malware based on a DNS cache miss time; and

for each connection time period, comparing the corresponding determined connection time period with the DNS cache miss time and determining the client device to be clean when the corresponding connection time period indicates a DNS cache miss.

9. A method as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the marker detection information configures the client device to:

connect to a set of malware domain names for determining a corresponding set of connection time periods for use in determining whether the client device is marked as infected with malware based on a DNS cache hit time; and

for each connection time period, comparing the corresponding determined connection time period with the DNS cache hit time, and determining the client device to be infected with malware when the corresponding connection time period indicates a DNS cache hit.

10. A method as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the connection system is coupled to a marker server including a marker resource stored thereon, wherein the marker server domain name is unknown to domain name system, DNS, servers accessible by the client device, the method comprising:

receiving a connection request from the client device for access to a communication network;

providing the client device with marker detection information associated with the marker server domain name for use in downloading the marker resource;

detecting whether or not the client device downloaded the marker resource;

if the client device downloaded the marker resource, then:

determining the client device to be marked as infected with malware; and

blocking the client device from accessing the communication network in relation to the connection request; otherwise

granting the client device access to the communication network in relation to the connection request.

11. A method carried out by a client device for detecting whether the client device is marked as infected with malware, the method comprising the steps of

transmitting a connection request from the client device for access to a communication network;

receiving marker detection information at the client device for identifying whether the client device is marked as infected with malware, the marker detection information based on marker domain name system, DNS, response message(s) associated with one or more malware domain name(s), wherein the marker DNS response message(s) includes a marker DNS record with a time to live, TTL, value of one or more hours that is substantially greater than a default TTL value for non-marker DNS records, and the marker DNS response message(s) are sent to one or more of the plurality of client device(s) in the communication network for marking those client device(s) as infected with malware that sent one or more DNS query message(s) associated with said malware domain name(s); and

sending an indication as to whether the client device is marked as infected with malware for use in determining whether to block or grant access to the communication network in relation to the connection request.

12. A method as claimed in claim 11 , wherein:

the marker detection information configures the client device to:

connect to all malware domains associated with previously stored mappings of marker IP addresses to malware domain names;

determine, for each connection attempt to a malware domain name, whether the client device is infected with malware by:

determining that the client device is infected with malware when an IP address used by the client device in the connection attempt to the malware domain name corresponds to a previously stored mapping; and

determining that the client device is not infected with malware when an IP address used by the client device in the connection attempt to the malware domain name does not correspond to a previously stored mapping;

configure the indication to include data representative of whether the client device is infected with malware.

13. A method as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the marker detection information configures the client device to perform the steps of

connecting to all malware domains associated with previously stored mappings of marker IP addresses to malware domain names;

for each connection attempt to a malware domain name:

determining that the client device is infected with malware when an IP address used by the client device in the attempt to connect to the malware domain name matches a previously stored mapping; and

determining that the client device is not infected with malware when an IP address used by the client device in the attempt to connect to the malware domain name does not match a previously stored mapping;

wherein, the indication includes IP address information associated with the connection attempts by the client device to the malware domain names.

14. A method as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the marker detection information configures the client device to perform the steps of:

connecting to a set of malware domain names for determining a corresponding set of connection time periods for use in determining whether the client device is marked as infected with malware based on a DNS cache miss time; and

for each connection time period, comparing the corresponding determined connection time period with the DNS cache miss time and determining the client device to be clean when the corresponding connection time period indicates a DNS cache miss.

15. A method as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the marker detection information configures the client device to:

connect to a set of malware domain names for determining a corresponding set of connection time periods for use in determining whether the client device is marked as infected with malware based on a DNS cache hit time; and

for each connection time period, comparing the corresponding determined connection time period with the DNS cache hit time, and determining the client device to be infected with malware when the corresponding connection time period indicates a DNS cache hit.

16. An apparatus for marking client devices infected with malware, the apparatus comprising a processor, a memory, a receiver and transmitter, the processor connected to the memory, the receiver and transmitter, wherein:

the receiver is configured to receive a multiplicity of domain name system, DNS, query messages from a plurality of client devices; and

the processor and transmitter are configured to: for each received DNS query message to a non-malware domain name, sending a DNS response message to the corresponding client device including a non-marker DNS record with a default time-to-live, TTL, value; and for each received DNS query message to a malware domain name, send a marker DNS response message associated with the malware domain name to the corresponding client device for subsequently detecting whether the client device is infected with malware when the client device requests access to a communication network;

wherein the marker DNS response message associated with the malware domain includes a marker DNS record with a TTL value of one or more hours that is substantially greater than the default TTL value.

17. A connection system for detecting whether a client device is marked as infected with malware, the connection system comprising a processor, a memory, a receiver and transmitter, the processor connected to the memory, the receiver and the transmitter, wherein:

the receiver is configured to receive a connection request from a client device of the plurality of client devices for access to the communication network;

the processor and transmitter are configured to send marker detection information to the client device based on the marker domain name system, DNS, response messages associated with one or more malware domain name(s) sent to one or more of the plurality of client devices, wherein the marker DNS response message(s) includes a marker DNS record with a time to live, TTL, value of one or more hours that is substantially greater than a default TTL value for non-marker DNS records, and the marker DNS response message(s) are for marking those client device(s) as infected with malware that sent one or more DNS query message(s) associated with said malware domain name(s);

the receiver is further configured to receive a malware response message from the client device in relation to the marker detection information;

the processor is further configured to:

determine, from the malware response message, whether the client device is with malware;

block the client device access to the communication network in relation to the communication request when the client device is determined to be infected with malware; and

grant the client device access to the communication network in relation to the connection request when the client device is determined not to be infected with malware.

18. A client device for detecting whether the client device is marked as infected with malware, the client device comprising a processor, a memory, a receiver and transmitter, the processor connected to the memory, the receiver and the transmitter, wherein:

the transmitter is configured to transmit a connection request from the client device for access to a communication network;

the receiver and processor are configured to receive marker detection information at the client device for identifying whether client device is marked as infected with malware, the marker detection information based on marker domain name system, DNS, response message(s) associated with one or more malware domain name(s), wherein the marker DNS response message(s) includes a marker DNS record with a time to live, TTL, value of one or more hours that is substantially greater than a default TTL value for non-marker DNS records, and the marker DNS response message(s) are sent to one or more of the plurality of client device(s) in the communication network for marking those client device(s) as infected with malware that sent one or more DNS query message(s) associated with said malware domain name(s); and

the processor and transmitter are further configured to send an indication as to whether the client device is marked as infected with malware for use in determining whether to block or grant access to the communication network in relation to the connection request.