Methods for solid electrolyte interphase formation and anode pre-lithiation of lithium ion capacitors
View Patent ↗A method of pre-doping an anode of an energy storage device can include immersing the anode and a dopant source in an electrolyte, and coupling a substantially constant current between the anode and the dopant source. A method of pre-doping an anode of an energy storage device can include immersing the anode and a dopant source in an electrolyte, and coupling a substantially constant voltage across the anode and the dopant source. An energy storage device can include an anode having a lithium ion pre-doping level of about 60% to about 90%.
1. A method of pre-doping an anode of an energy storage device, the method comprising:
immersing the anode and a dopant source in an electrolyte, wherein the dopant source comprises a source for lithium ions; and
coupling a substantially constant current between the anode and the dopant source;
wherein the coupling comprises coupling the substantially constant current between the anode and the dopant source for a duration of time to achieve a potential difference between the anode and the dopant source of 0.01 Volts (V) to 0.4 V.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage device comprises a lithium ion capacitor.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coupling comprises coupling the substantially constant current between the anode and the dopant source for a duration of time to achieve an anode pre-doping level of 60% to 90%.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein coupling the substantially constant current between the anode and the dopant source comprises coupling a current source supplying a substantially constant current corresponding to a current C-rate of C/72 to C/144.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming a substantially homogeneous solid-electrolyte interphase layer adjacent the anode, wherein the solid-electrolyte interphase layer is substantially undisturbed subsequent to its formation.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the dopant source from the electrolyte subsequent to coupling the substantially constant current across the anode and the dopant source.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising immersing a cathode in the electrolyte, wherein immersing the dopant source comprises immersing the dopant source to a side of the anode opposite that facing the cathode.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising performing a formation step subsequent to coupling the substantially constant current across the anode and the dopant source.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein performing the formation step comprises applying a substantially constant voltage of 2 Volts (V) to 4.2V between the anode and the dopant source.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein performing the formation step comprises applying the substantially constant voltage of 2 Volts (V) to 4.2V between the anode and the dopant source for a duration of 5 hours to 75 hours.
11. A method of pre-doping an anode of an energy storage device, the method comprising:
immersing the anode and a dopant source in an electrolyte, wherein the dopant source comprises a source for lithium ions; and
coupling a substantially constant voltage across the anode and the dopant source;
wherein coupling the substantially constant voltage across the anode and the dopant source comprises coupling a voltage source supplying a substantially constant voltage of 0.01 Volts (V) to 0.4V.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the energy storage device comprises a lithium ion.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein coupling the substantially constant voltage across the anode and the dopant source comprises coupling the substantially constant voltage for a duration of time to achieve an anode lithium ion pre-doping level of 60% to 90%.
14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising performing a formation step subsequent to coupling the substantially constant voltage across the anode and the dopant source.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein performing the formation step comprises applying a substantially constant voltage of 2 Volts (V) to 4.2V between the anode and the dopant source.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein performing the formation step comprises applying the substantially constant voltage of 2 Volts (V) to 4.2V between the anode and the dopant source for a duration of 5 hours to 75 hours.
17. The method of claim 11 , further comprising forming a substantially homogeneous solid-electrolyte interphase layer adjacent the anode, wherein the solid-electrolyte interphase layer is substantially undisturbed subsequent to its formation.
18. The method of claim 11 , further comprising removing the dopant source subsequent to coupling the substantially constant voltage across the anode and the dopant source.
19. The method of claim 11 , further comprising immersing a cathode in the electrolyte, wherein immersing the dopant source comprises immersing the dopant source to a side of the anode opposite that facing the cathode.
20. A method of pre-doping an anode of an energy storage device, the method comprising:
immersing the anode and a dopant source in an electrolyte, wherein the dopant source comprises a source for lithium ions; and
coupling a substantially constant current between the anode and the dopant source;
wherein coupling the substantially constant current between the anode and the dopant source comprises coupling a current source supplying a substantially constant current corresponding to a current C-rate of C/72 to C/144.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the energy storage device comprises a lithium ion capacitor.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the coupling comprises coupling the substantially constant current between the anode and the dopant source for a duration of time to achieve an anode pre-doping level of 60% to 90%.
23. The method of claim 20 , further comprising forming a substantially homogeneous solid-electrolyte interphase layer adjacent the anode, wherein the solid-electrolyte interphase layer is substantially undisturbed subsequent to its formation.
24. The method of claim 20 , further comprising removing the dopant source from the electrolyte subsequent to coupling the substantially constant current across the anode and the dopant source.
25. The method of claim 20 , further comprising immersing a cathode in the electrolyte, wherein immersing the dopant source comprises immersing the dopant source to a side of the anode opposite that facing the cathode.
26. The method of claim 20 , further comprising performing a formation step subsequent to coupling the substantially constant current across the anode and the dopant source.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein performing the formation step comprises applying a substantially constant voltage of 2 Volts (V) to 4.2V between the anode and the dopant source.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein performing the formation step comprises applying the substantially constant voltage of 2 Volts (V) to 4.2V between the anode and the dopant source for a duration of 5 hours to 75 hours.