DC voltage-limiting circuits and electronic devices and thermostats including DC voltage-limiting circuits
View Patent ↗A DC voltage-limiting circuit generally includes first, second, and third transistors. The first transistor is connected between a voltage input terminal and a voltage output terminal. The first transistor has a collector connected to the voltage input terminal, an emitter connected to the voltage output terminal, and a base connected to the voltage input terminal via a first resistor. The second transistor has a base connected to the voltage input terminal via a first voltage regulator and a second resistor, a collector connected to the base of the first transistor, and an emitter connected to the voltage output terminal. The third transistor has a collector connected to the base of the first transistor via a third resistor, an emitter grounded, and a base connected to the voltage output terminal via a second voltage regulator and a fourth resistor.
1. A DC voltage-limiting circuit comprising:
a first transistor connected between a voltage input terminal and a voltage output terminal, the first transistor having a collector connected to the voltage input terminal, an emitter connected to the voltage output terminal, and a base connected to the voltage input terminal via a first resistor;
a second transistor having a base connected to the voltage input terminal via a first voltage regulator and a second resistor, a collector connected to the base of the first transistor, and an emitter connected to the voltage output terminal; and
a third transistor having a collector connected to the base of the first transistor via a third resistor, an emitter grounded, and a base connected to the voltage output terminal via a second voltage regulator and a fourth resistor.
2. The DC voltage-limiting circuit of claim 1 , wherein:
the first resistor comprises at least two sub-resistors; and
a sum of the resistances of the sub-resistors is equal to the resistance of the first resistor.
3. The DC voltage-limiting circuit of claim 2 , wherein the first resistor comprises four sub-resistors connected in series.
4. The DC voltage-limiting circuit of claim 1 , wherein the DC voltage-limiting circuit further comprises a first capacitor connected between the voltage input terminal and ground.
5. The DC voltage-limiting circuit of claim 1 , wherein:
the first and second voltage regulators comprise zener diode voltage regulators; and
the first transistor, the second transistor, and the third transistor comprise NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative) transistors.
6. The DC voltage-limiting circuit of claim 5 , wherein:
the first voltage regulator comprises a zener diode voltage regulator with a voltage of about 6.8 volts;
the second voltage regulator comprises a zener diode voltage regulator with a voltage of about 30 volts;
the first resistor comprises four resistors connected in series each having a resistance of about 270 ohms;
the second resistor has a resistance of about 10 kiloohms;
the third resistor has a resistance of about 510 ohms; and
the fourth resistor has a resistance of about 10 kiloohms.
the DC voltage-limiting circuit further comprises a first capacitor connected between the voltage input terminal and ground; and
the first capacitor having a capacitance of about 2.2 microfarads.
7. An electronic device comprising the DC voltage-limiting circuit of claim 1 and a second capacitor connected between the voltage output terminal and ground.
8. The electronic device of claim 7 , wherein the DC voltage-limiting circuit includes:
a first path for charging the second capacitor;
a second path for charging the second capacitor more slowly than the first path; and
a third path for preventing charging of the second capacitor.
9. The electronic device of claim 8 , wherein:
the first path is selected for charging the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is less than a first predetermined amount;
the first voltage regulator is on and the second path is selected for charging the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is greater than the first predetermined amount but less than a second predetermined amount; and
the second voltage regulator is on and the third path is selected for preventing charging of the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is greater than or equal to the second predetermined amount.
10. The electronic device of claim 7 , wherein the DC voltage-limiting circuit includes:
a fast charge path for charging the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is less than a first predetermined amount;
a slow charge path for charging the second capacitor more slowly than the fast charge path to thereby protect the first transistor in the fast charge path when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is greater than the first predetermined amount but less than a second predetermined amount; and
a charge preventing path for preventing charging of the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is greater than or equal to the second predetermined amount.
11. The electronic device of claim 10 , wherein:
the first predetermined amount is 7 volts; and the
the second predetermined amount is 31 volts.
12. The electronic device of claim 7 , wherein the electronic device further comprises:
a bridge rectifier before the DC voltage-limiting circuit; and
a BUCK circuit after the DC voltage-limiting circuit;
wherein:
the BUCK circuit is a voltage step-down converter circuit;
the bridge rectifier has a voltage output terminal being the voltage input terminal of the DC voltage-limiting circuit; and
the BUCK circuit has a voltage input terminal being the voltage output terminal of the DC voltage-limiting circuit.
13. The electronic device of claim 12 , wherein:
the bridge rectifier comprises a first terminal and a second terminal;
the first terminal is connected to a live wire; and
the second terminal is connected to a neutral wire.
14. The electronic device of claim 13 , wherein the second terminal is connected to the neutral wire via two branches, one of which is the second terminal connecting to the neutral wire, the other is the second terminal connecting to the neutral wire via a load.
15. The electronic device of claim 7 , wherein the second capacitor comprises a polar capacitor having a capacitance of about 820 microfarads (μF).
16. The electronic device of claim 7 , wherein the electronic device is a thermostat.
17. A thermostat comprising the DC voltage-limiting circuit of claim 1 , the thermostat further comprising:
a bridge rectifier including a first terminal and a second terminal, wherein the first terminal is connected to a live wire, the second terminal is connected to a neutral wire via two branches, one of which is the second terminal connecting to the neutral wire, the other is the second terminal connecting to the neutral wire via a load, the voltage input terminal of the DC voltage-limiting circuit being a voltage output terminal of the bridge rectifier;
a second capacitor, connected between the voltage output terminal of the DC voltage-limiting circuit and ground; and
a BUCK circuit, having a voltage input terminal being the voltage output terminal of the DC voltage-limiting circuit.
18. An electronic device comprising:
a DC voltage-limiting circuit including:
a first transistor connected between a voltage input terminal and a voltage output terminal, the first transistor having a collector connected to the voltage input terminal, an emitter connected to the voltage output terminal, and a base connected to the voltage input terminal via a first resistor;
a second transistor having a base connected to the voltage input terminal via a first voltage regulator and a second resistor, a collector connected to the base of the first transistor, and an emitter connected to the voltage output terminal;
a third transistor having a collector connected to the base of the first transistor via a third resistor, an emitter grounded, and a base connected to the voltage output terminal via a second voltage regulator and a fourth resistor; and
a first capacitor connected between the voltage input terminal and ground;
wherein the electronic device further comprises a second capacitor connected between the voltage output terminal and ground, a bridge rectifier before the DC voltage-limiting circuit; and a BUCK circuit after the DC voltage-limiting circuit;
wherein the BUCK circuit is a voltage step-down converter circuit, the bridge rectifier has a voltage output terminal being the voltage input terminal of the DC voltage-limiting circuit, and the BUCK circuit has a voltage input terminal being the voltage output terminal of the DC voltage-limiting circuit; and
wherein the DC voltage-limiting circuit includes a first path for charging the second capacitor, a second path for charging the second capacitor more slowly than the first path, and a third path for preventing charging of the second capacitor.
19. The electronic device of claim 18 , wherein:
the first path is selected for charging the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is less than a first predetermined amount;
the first voltage regulator is on and the second path is selected for charging the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is greater than the first predetermined amount but less than a second predetermined amount; and
the second voltage regulator is on and the third path is selected for preventing charging of the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is greater than or equal to the second predetermined amount.
20. A thermostat comprising:
a DC voltage-limiting circuit including:
a first transistor connected between a voltage input terminal and a voltage output terminal, the first transistor having a collector connected to the voltage input terminal, an emitter connected to the voltage output terminal, and a base connected to the voltage input terminal via a first resistor;
a second transistor having a base connected to the voltage input terminal via a first voltage regulator and a second resistor, a collector connected to the base of the first transistor, and an emitter connected to the voltage output terminal;
a third transistor having a collector connected to the base of the first transistor via a third resistor, an emitter grounded, and a base connected to the voltage output terminal via a second voltage regulator and a fourth resistor; and
a first capacitor connected between the voltage input terminal and ground;
wherein the thermostat further comprises a second capacitor connected between the voltage output terminal and ground, a bridge rectifier before the DC voltage-limiting circuit; and a BUCK circuit after the DC voltage-limiting circuit;
wherein the BUCK circuit is a voltage step-down converter circuit, the bridge rectifier has a voltage output terminal being the voltage input terminal of the DC voltage-limiting circuit, and the BUCK circuit has a voltage input terminal being the voltage output terminal of the DC voltage-limiting circuit;
wherein the DC voltage-limiting circuit includes:
a fast charge path for charging the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is less than a first predetermined amount;
a slow charge path for charging the second capacitor more slowly than the fast charge path to thereby protect the first transistor in the fast charge path when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is greater than the first predetermined amount but less than a second predetermined amount; and
a charge preventing path for preventing charging of the second capacitor when a voltage across the DC voltage-limiting circuit is greater than or equal to the second predetermined amount.