Abuse resistant forms of extended release morphine, method of use and method of making

1. An oral, extended release pharmaceutical composition in the form of a layered tablet configured to deter abuse, comprising:

an expansion layer comprising an expandable polymer that forms a gel when exposed to a liquid comprising water and/or alcohol, wherein the expandable polymer is selected from the group consisting of: methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, alginic acid, tragacanth, and combinations thereof;

a barrier layer substantially covering the expansion layer, wherein the barrier layer comprises a first polymer selected from the group consisting of: acrylic or methacrylic polymers, acrylic or methacrylic copolymers, and mixtures thereof, wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in intact form, the first polymer of the barrier layer is substantially undissolved in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; and

a diffusion layer covering the barrier layer, the diffusion layer comprising a drug comprising morphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a pharmaceutically effective amount and a second polymer selected from the group consisting of: acrylic or methacrylic polymers, acrylic or methacrylic copolymers, and mixtures thereof, wherein the drug is substantially homogeneously distributed within the second polymer and diffuses from the diffusion layer within the GI tract, wherein the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a drug that is not an opioid agonist or a central nervous system stimulant, and wherein the diffusion layer is the only drug-containing layer in the pharmaceutical composition,

wherein the diffusion layer is bonded to the barrier layer by curing the layers together,

wherein the second polymer is present in an amount sufficient to release at least 50% of the amount of drug after 8 hours after administration in intact form,

wherein the first polymer and second polymer each comprise the same polymer, and

wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is crushed to produce particles having a particle size in a range of 500 mesh to 8 mesh, the relative surface area of the diffusion layer increases by no more than 50%.

2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 35% of the amount of drug is released at 1 hour after administration.

3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 30% of the amount of drug is released at 1 hour after administration.

4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered in intact form, at least 60% of the amount of drug is released at 8 hours after administration and when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 35% of the amount of drug is released at 15 minutes after administration.

5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered in intact form, at least 60% of the amount of drug is released at 8 hours after administration and when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 30% of the amount of drug is released at 15 minutes after administration.

6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered in intact form, at least 60% of the amount of drug is released at 8 hours after administration and when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 25% of the amount of drug is released at 15 minutes after administration.

7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises morphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 15 mg to about 800 mg.

8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is crushed to produce particles having a particle size in a range of 500 mesh to 8 mesh, the relative surface area of the diffusion layer increases by no more than 25%.

9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the first polymer and the second polymer each independently comprises an acrylic copolymer.

10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises morphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 15 mg to about 800 mg,

wherein the expansion layer comprises the expandable polymer present in the range of 5 to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition,

wherein the expansion polymer comprises hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, the first polymer comprises a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, and the second polymer comprises a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate.

11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the first polymer comprises a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, and the second polymer comprises a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate.

12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the expandable polymer is selected from the group consisting of: methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein the expandable polymer comprises hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.

14. An oral, extended release pharmaceutical composition in the form of a layered tablet configured to deter abuse, comprising:

an expansion layer comprising an expandable polymer that forms a gel when exposed to a liquid comprising water and/or alcohol, wherein the expandable polymer is selected from the group consisting of: methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, alginic acid, tragacanth, and combinations thereof;

a barrier layer substantially covering the expansion layer, wherein the barrier layer comprises a first polymer, wherein the first polymer is a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in intact form, the first polymer of the barrier layer is substantially undissolved in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; and

a diffusion layer covering the barrier layer, the diffusion layer comprising a drug comprising morphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a pharmaceutically effective amount and a second polymer, wherein the second polymer is a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, wherein the drug is substantially homogeneously distributed within the second polymer and diffuses from the diffusion layer within the GI tract, wherein the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a drug that is not an opioid agonist or a central nervous system stimulant, and wherein the diffusion layer is the only drug-containing layer in the pharmaceutical composition,

wherein the diffusion layer is bonded to the barrier layer by curing the layers together,

wherein the second polymer is present in an amount sufficient to release at least 50% of the amount of drug after 8 hours after administration in intact form,

wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is crushed to produce particles having a particle size in a range of 500 mesh to 8 mesh, the relative surface area of the diffusion layer increases by no more than 50%.

15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 35% of the amount of drug is released at 1 hour after administration.

16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 30% of the amount of drug is released at 1 hour after administration.

17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered in intact form, at least 60% of the amount of drug is released at 8 hours after administration and when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 35% of the amount of drug is released at 15 minutes after administration.

18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered in intact form, at least 60% of the amount of drug is released at 8 hours after administration and when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 30% of the amount of drug is released at 15 minutes after administration.

19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered in intact form, at least 60% of the amount of drug is released at 8 hours after administration and when the pharmaceutical composition is administered in crushed form, no more than 25% of the amount of drug is released at 15 minutes after administration.

20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein the composition comprises morphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 15 mg to about 800 mg.

21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein when the pharmaceutical composition is crushed to produce particles having a particle size in a range of 500 mesh to 8 mesh, the relative surface area of the diffusion layer increases by no more than 25%.

22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein the expandable polymer is selected from the group consisting of: methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein the expandable polymer comprises hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 , wherein the composition comprises morphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 15 mg to about 800 mg,

wherein the expansion layer comprises the expandable polymer present in the range of 5 to 90% by weight based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition, and

wherein the expansion polymer comprises hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.