Fast charging of battery using adjustable voltage control

1. A battery cell charging system, including a charger and a controller, for rapidly charging a lithium ion battery cell, the battery cell charging system comprising:

a circuit for charging the battery cell using an adjustable voltage charging-profile to apply a charging voltage and a charging current to the battery cell wherein said adjustable voltage charging-profile includes:

a first charging stage with a constant first stage charging current and an increasing battery cell voltage with said first stage charging current provided until said first stage charging voltage is about equal to a first stage complete voltage less than a maximum battery cell voltage;

one or more intermediate charging stages, each intermediate stage selected from the group consisting of one or more of an intermediate constant current stage that produces an increasing battery cell voltage, an intermediate constant power stage that produces an increasing battery cell voltage, and an intermediate constant voltage stage that provides a decreasing charging current, and combinations thereof; and

a final charging stage with a constant final stage charging voltage about equal to an intermediate stage complete voltage and a decreasing final stage charging current with said final stage charging voltage provided until said final stage charging current reaches a desired charge complete level.

2. The battery cell charging system of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate charging stages include a constant voltage stage followed by a constant current stage, and wherein the final charging stage follows the constant current stage.

3. The battery cell charging system of claim 1 , wherein the first charging stage comprises maintaining the constant first stage charging current greater than about 1 C.

4. The battery cell charging system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more intermediate charging stages include a constant voltage stage.

5. The battery cell charging system of claim 4 , wherein the constant voltage stage involves the first stage charging voltage reached at an end of the first charging stage.

6. The battery cell charging system of claim 4 , wherein during the constant voltage stage a charging current declines from about 2 C to about 0.7 C.

7. The battery cell charging system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more intermediate charging stages include a constant current stage.

8. The battery cell charging system of claim 7 , wherein during the constant current stage a charging voltage increases to about a cell target voltage.

9. The battery cell charging system of claim 1 , wherein the first charging stage has a target voltage specified as a percentage of the maximum battery cell voltage.

10. The battery cell charging system of claim 1 , wherein at least the one or more intermediate charging stages are determined responsive to an imaginary R Bad resistance included in series with an R Nominal resistance of a DC model for the lithium ion battery cell, wherein R Bad decreases during at least the first charging stage and increases when SOC rises toward an end of a charging session.

11. The battery cell charging system of claim 10 , wherein said R Bad includes a function component responsive to one or more of said R Nominal , the SOC of the lithium ion battery cell, and a temperature of the lithium ion battery cell such that V cell is about equal to a maximum battery cell voltage minus charging current times R Bad .

12. The battery cell charging system of claim 10 , wherein said R Bad includes a component that is about equal to a first constant k1 times R Nominal minus a second constant k2 times SOC wherein said first constant k1 is about between 0 and 1 and wherein said second constant k2 is about 0.001/SOC %.

13. The battery cell charging system of claim 12 , wherein said first constant k1 is about equal to 0.1.

14. The battery cell charging system of claim 10 , wherein said R Nominal is determined from a lookup table responsive to cell temperature, age, and SOC.

15. The battery cell charging system of claim 10 , wherein said R Nominal is estimated in real-time or over time.

16. The battery cell charging system of claim 10 , wherein said R Bad is determined from a lookup table responsive to cell temperature, age, and SOC.

17. The battery cell charging system of claim 10 , wherein said R Bad is estimated in real-time or over time.

18. A battery cell charging method for rapidly charging a lithium ion battery cell, the battery cell charging method comprising:

(a) applying, to the battery cell, a constant first stage charging current and an increasing battery cell voltage with said first stage charging current provided until said first stage charging voltage is about equal to a first stage complete voltage less than a maximum battery cell voltage; and thereafter

(b) applying, to the battery cell, one or more intermediate charging profiles, each intermediate charging profile selected from the group consisting of one or more of an intermediate constant current stage that produces an increasing battery cell voltage, an intermediate constant power stage that produces an increasing battery cell voltage, an intermediate constant voltage stage that provides a decreasing charging current, and combinations thereof; and thereafter

(c) applying, to the battery cell, a constant final stage charging voltage about equal to an intermediate stage complete voltage and a decreasing final stage charging current with said final stage charging voltage provided until said final stage charging current reaches a desired charge complete level.

19. A battery cell charging system, including a charger and a controller, for rapidly charging a lithium ion battery cell, the battery cell charging system comprising:

a circuit for charging the battery cell using an adjustable voltage charging-profile to apply a charging voltage and a charging current to the battery cell wherein said adjustable voltage charging-profile includes:

a first charging stage with a constant first stage charging power and an increasing battery cell voltage with said first stage charging power provided until said first stage charging voltage is about equal to a first stage complete voltage less than a maximum battery cell voltage;

one or more intermediate charging stages, each intermediate stage selected from the group consisting of one or more of an intermediate constant current stage that produces an increasing battery cell voltage, an intermediate constant power stage that produces an increasing battery cell voltage, and an intermediate constant voltage stage that provides a decreasing charging current, and combinations thereof; and

a final charging stage with a constant final stage charging voltage about equal to an intermediate stage complete voltage and a decreasing final stage charging current with said final stage charging voltage provided until said final stage charging current reaches a desired charge complete level.

20. A battery cell charging method for rapidly charging a lithium ion battery cell, the battery cell charging method comprising:

(a) applying, to the battery cell, a constant first stage charging power and an increasing battery cell voltage with said first stage charging power provided until said first stage charging voltage is about equal to a first stage complete voltage less than a maximum battery cell voltage; and thereafter

(b) applying, to the battery cell, one or more intermediate charging profiles, each intermediate charging profile selected from the group consisting of one or more of an intermediate constant current stage that produces an increasing battery cell voltage, an intermediate constant power stage that produces an increasing battery cell voltage, an intermediate constant voltage stage that provides a decreasing charging current, and combinations thereof; and thereafter

(c) applying, to the battery cell, a constant final stage charging voltage about equal to an intermediate stage complete voltage and a decreasing final stage charging current with said final stage charging voltage provided until said final stage charging current reaches a desired charge complete level.