Method for detecting organic and inorganic explosives
Methods, devices, and systems are disclosed for releasing a sample from a carrier medium. A method of releasing a sample from a carrier medium comprises treating a sample on a carrier medium with a first organic reagent, wherein when the sample contains at least one inorganic salt, the first organic reagent binds to a cation of the inorganic salt to produce both a first volatile compound and an isolated anion of the inorganic salt; treating the sample on the carrier medium with a second organic reagent, wherein the second organic reagent reacts with the isolated anion to produce a second volatile compound; and releasing the treated sample from the carrier medium, wherein when the first and the second volatile compounds are produced, the releasing step releases at least one of the first and second volatile compounds from the carrier medium.
1. A method comprising:
treating a sample on a carrier medium with a first organic reagent;
treating the sample on the carrier medium with a second organic reagent;
releasing the treated sample from the carrier medium by vaporizing the treated sample; and
analyzing the vaporized sample in a chemical analyzer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first organic reagent comprises a polar aprotic solvent.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the polar aprotic solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second organic reagent comprises a leaving group.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the leaving group is sulfonate.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second organic reagent comprises a perfluorinated compound.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the perfluorinated compound is a perfluoroalkyl or a perfluoroaryl.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the perfluorinated compound is a perfluoroalkyl sulfonate or a perfluoroaryl sulfonate.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the perfluorinated compound is pentafluorobenzyl-toluenesulfonate (PFB-Tos).
10. A method comprising:
treating a sample on a carrier medium with a first organic reagent, wherein when the sample contains at least one inorganic salt, the first organic reagent binds to a cation of the inorganic salt to produce both a first volatile compound and an isolated anion of the inorganic salt;
treating the sample on the carrier medium with a second organic reagent, wherein the second organic reagent reacts with the isolated anion to produce a second volatile compound;
releasing the treated sample from the carrier medium by vaporizing the treated sample, wherein when the first and second volatile compounds are produced, the releasing step releases at least one of the first and second volatile compounds from the carrier medium; and
analyzing the vaporized sample in a chemical analyzer.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the releasing step releases both the first and the second volatile compounds from the carrier medium.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first organic reagent comprises a polar aprotic solvent.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the polar aprotic solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the second organic reagent comprises an organic reagent that is capable of undergoing a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the isolated anion.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the organic reagent that is capable of undergoing a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the isolated anion comprises a sulfonate leaving group.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the second organic reagent comprises a perfluorinated compound.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the perfluorinated compound is a perfluoroalkyl or a perfluoroaryl.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the perfluorinated compound is a perfluoroalkyl sulfonate or a perfluoroaryl sulfonate.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the perfluorinated compound is pentafluorobenzyl-toluenesulfonate (PFB-Tos).
20. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first organic reagent comprises a polar aprotic solvent, and the second organic reagent comprises an organic reagent capable of undergoing a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the isolated anion.
21. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sample on a carrier medium is treated with the second organic reagent at the same time as being treated with the first organic reagent.
22. The method of claim 10 , wherein the step of releasing the treated sample from the carrier medium comprises at least one technique chosen from reducing pressure on the treated sample and heating the treated sample.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the step of releasing the treated sample from the carrier medium comprises heating the treated sample after reducing pressure on the treated sample.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the step of releasing the treated sample occurs in a sample chamber, and reducing pressure on the treated sample comprises evacuating the sample chamber to reduce an internal pressure of the sample chamber to a pressure below atmospheric pressure.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the released sample is introduced into a chemical analyzer during or after the evacuation of the sample chamber.
26. The method of claim 22 , wherein the sample on a carrier medium is treated with the first and second organic reagents inside of a sample chamber, the method further comprising evacuating the sample chamber to reduce an internal pressure of the sample chamber to a pressure below atmospheric pressure prior to treating the sample with the first and second organic reagents.
27. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sample on a carrier medium is treated with the first and second organic reagents inside of a sample chamber.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the step of treating the sample on a carrier medium with a first organic reagent comprises spraying the first organic reagent on the carrier medium, and the step of treating the sample on a carrier medium with a second organic reagent comprises spraying the second organic reagent on the carrier medium.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the first and second organic reagents are sprayed on the carrier medium at the same time.
30. The method of claim 27 , wherein the method further comprises evacuating the sample chamber to reduce an internal pressure of the sample chamber to a level less than atmospheric pressure prior to treating the sample on the carrier medium with the first and second organic reagents.
31. The method of claim 10 , wherein the carrier medium is pre-impregnated with one or both of the first and second organic reagents such that the sample is treated with one or both of the first and second organic reagents upon contact with the carrier medium.
32. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical analyzer is a mass spectrometer.
33. The method of claim 1 , wherein if the sample comprises an inorganic salt, the first organic reagent binds to a cation of the inorganic salt to produce both a first volatile compound and an isolated anion of the inorganic salt.
34. The method of claim 33 , wherein if the isolated anion is produced, the second organic reagent reacts with the isolated anion to produce a second volatile compound.
35. The method of claim 34 , wherein if the first and second volatile compounds are produced, the step of releasing the treated sample from the carrier medium comprises releasing one or both of the first and second volatile compounds from the carrier medium.
36. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample on a carrier medium is treated with the second organic reagent at the same time as being treated with the first organic reagent.
37. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of releasing the treated sample from the carrier medium comprises at least one technique chosen from reducing pressure on the treated sample and heating the treated sample.
38. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample on a carrier medium is treated with the first and second organic reagents inside of a sample chamber.
39. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carrier medium is pre-impregnated with one or both of the first and second organic reagents such that the sample is treated with one or both of the first and second organic reagents upon contact with the carrier medium.
40. The method of claim 10 , wherein the chemical analyzer is a mass spectrometer.