Multi-layer control framework for an energy storage system

1. A multilayer control framework for a power system, comprising: a hybrid storage system (HSS) to store energy using a plurality of energy storage devices; a local controller coupled to the HSS to smooth output power of wind or photovoltaic energy sources while regulating a State of Charge (SoC) of the HSS;

wherein the local controller provides a four-mode control scheme, each mode activated based on a state of charge of the energy storage devices;

wherein for each mode, different action sets are used to regulate the SoC of the energy storage devices and maintain system performances;

wherein the HSS comprises a battery and an Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) or supercapacitor or ultracapacitor, each one equipped with a direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, and HSS is connected to the grid through a DC/AC converter; and

wherein the HSS operates in Mode I with the DC/DC converter of the EDLC to regulate the DC-link voltage of HSS (Vdc), the DC/DC converter of the battery to keep the SoC of the EDLC (SoCsc) in a predetermined range; and

the DC/AC converter controlling an output active power of the HSS (Phss) to smooth the output power of renewable energy and a reactive power of HSS (Qhss);

wherein the HSS operates in Mode II with a DC/DC converter of the EDLC charging or discharging the EDLC based on the SoC of EDLC to bring the SoC of EDLC back to predefined range, the DC/DC converter of the battery to regulate the DC-link voltage of HSS (Vdc), and the DC/AC converter controlling an output active power of the HSS (Phss) to smooth the output power of renewable energy and a reactive power of HSS (Qhss);

wherein the HSS operates in Mode III with the DC/DC converter of the EDLC to regulate a DC-link voltage of HSS, the DC/DC converter of battery charges/discharges the battery based on the SoC of battery in order to bring the SoC of battery back to a predetermined status, and the DC/AC converter controlling an output active power of the HSS (Phss) to smooth the output power of renewable energy and a reactive power of HSS (Qhss);

wherein the HSS operates in Mode IV with the DC/DC converter in the EDLC to charge/discharge the EDLC based on the SoC of EDLC in order to bring the SoC of EDLC back to a predetermined status, the DC/DC converter of battery charges/discharges the battery based on the SoC of battery in order to bring the SoC of battery back to a predetermined status, and the DC/AC converter regulates the DC link voltage; and a system-wide controller coupled to the HSS activated upon an occurrence of one or more energy disturbances with a control strategy designed to improve system dynamics to address the one or more energy disturbances.

2. The framework of claim 1 , wherein the energy disturbances comprise load switching or short circuit fault.

3. The framework of claim 1 , comprising a unit to monitor line frequency deviation continuously to generate a disturbance detection signal.

4. The framework of claim 1 , wherein upon a disturbance, control strategy of DC/AC converter of HSS is changed to control the frequency of the system.

5. The framework of claim 4 , wherein once a frequency deviation is over a threshold (.DELTA.f.sub.th) for a time period t, the HSS switches to a system control mode and injects or absorbs power to a grid for frequency recovery.

6. The framework of claim 1 , wherein when frequency deviation drops less than threshold (.DELTA.f.sub.th2), the HSS output gradually fades out within t.sub.g seconds, where .DELTA.f.sub.th2 is less than .DELTA.f.sub.th.

7. The framework of claim 6 , wherein the time t.sub.g is adjusted based on a speed of governors of SGs in the system.