Use of long chain alcohols, ketones and organic acids as tracers
Non-halogenated molecules having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, aromatic, saturated, unsaturated (and combinations thereof) alcohols, ketones, organic acids, organic acid salts, sulfonated derivatives of these compounds, and combinations thereof are used as tracers to measure oil and/or water fluid returns, such as from a hydraulic fracturing job. The non-halogenated molecules may be absorbed onto and/or adsorbed onto substrates and introduced into a subterranean location, desorbed and recovered from the subterranean location with a fluid, reacted with a reagent (e.g. pentafluoro benzyl chloride, and the like) to give a derivatized tracer. The presence of the derivatized tracer is then detected in at least a portion of the recovered fluid. A different non-halogenated tracer may be used for each hydraulic fracturing stage, thus, it can be determined from which fracturing stage water is produced and from which fracturing stage oil is produced, for example.
1. A method for determining a presence of a tracer from a subterranean location comprising:
introducing at least one non-halogenated tracer into a subterranean location, where the at least one non-halogenated tracer is a molecule having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, aromatic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or combinations thereof, of alcohols, ketones, organic acids, organic acid salts, sulfonated alcohols, sulfonated ketones, sulfonated organic acids, sulfonated organic acid salts, and combinations thereof, where the non-halogenated tracer is absorbed into and/or adsorbed onto a plurality of substrates;
recovering a fluid from the subterranean location where the fluid comprises the at least one non-halogenated tracer that has desorbed from the substrate, where a majority of the plurality of the substrates remains within the subterranean location;
reacting the at least one non-halogenated tracer with a reagent to give at least one derivatized tracer, where the reagent is a reagent that can attach at least one halogen atom to the non-halogenated tracer; and
detecting the at least one derivatized tracer from at least a portion of the recovered fluid.
2. The method of claim 1 where the reagent is selected from the group consisting of pentafluoro benzyl chloride, pentafluoro benzoyl bromide, pentafluoro phenyl hydrazine, trifluoro acetic anhydride, trichloro ethanol, and combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 where the amount of at least one derivatized tracer in the at least a portion of the recovered fluid is 0.02 mg/L or more.
4. The method of claim 1 where the fluid is selected from the group consisting of oil, water and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 where the at least one derivatized tracer is detected using a method selected from the group consisting of a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector, a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer, high performance liquid chromatography with a mass spectrometer, and combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 where:
the introducing comprises:
introducing a first non-halogenated tracer absorbed into and/or absorbed onto a first plurality of substrates into a first subterranean location in a first fracturing stage;
introducing a second non-halogenated tracer absorbed into and/or absorbed onto a second plurality of substrates different from the first non-halogenated tracer and different from the first plurality of substrates, respectively, into a second subterranean location in a second fracturing stage different from the first stage;
recovering a first fluid containing the first non-halogenated tracer from the first subterranean location and recovering a second fluid containing the second non-halogenated tracer from the second subterranean location, where the respective tracers have desorbed from their respective substrates; and
the reacting comprises:
reacting the first non-halogenated tracer with a reagent to give a first derivatized tracer, and
reacting the second non-halogenated tracer with a reagent to give a second derivatized tracer different from the first derivatized tracer;
detecting and distinguishing the fluid containing the first derivatized tracer and the fluid containing the second derivatized tracer.
7. The method of claim 1 where the substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of diatomaceous earth, alumina, an absorbent polymer, silica particulate, precipitated silica, activated carbon, zeolite, fullers earth, organic synthetic high molecular weight water-insoluble adsorbents, and combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 where the substrate is a proppant.
9. A method for determining a presence of a tracer from a subterranean location comprising:
introducing at least one non-halogenated tracer into a subterranean location, where the at least one non-halogenated tracer is a molecule having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, aromatic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or combinations thereof, of alcohols, ketones, organic acids, organic acid salts, sulfonated alcohols, sulfonated ketones, sulfonated organic acids, sulfonated organic acid salts, and combinations thereof, where the non-halogenated tracer is absorbed into and/or adsorbed onto a plurality of substrates;
recovering a fluid from the subterranean location where the fluid comprises the at least one non-halogenated tracer that has desorbed from the substrate, where a majority of the plurality of the substrates remains within the subterranean location, where the fluid is selected from the group consisting of oil, water and combinations thereof;
reacting the at least one non-halogenated tracer with a reagent to give at least one derivatized tracer, where the reagent is one that can attach at least one halogen atom to the non-halogenated tracer;
detecting the at least one derivatized tracer from at least a portion of the recovered fluid.
10. The method of claim 9 where the reagent is selected from the group consisting of pentafluoro benzyl chloride, pentafluoro benzoyl bromide, pentafluoro phenyl hydrazine, trifluoro acetic anhydride, trichloro ethanol and combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 9 where the amount of at least one derivatized tracer in the at least a portion of the recovered fluid is 0.02 mg/L or more.
12. The method of claim 9 where the at least one derivatized tracer is detected using a method selected from the group consisting of a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector, a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer, high performance liquid chromatography with a mass spectrometer, and combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 9 where:
the introducing comprises:
introducing a first non-halogenated tracer absorbed onto and/or adsorbed onto a first plurality of substrates into a first subterranean location in a first fracturing stage;
introducing a second non-halogenated tracer absorbed into and/or adsorbed onto a second plurality of substrates different from the first non-halogenated tracer and different from the first plurality of substrates, respectively, into a second subterranean location in a second fracturing stage different from the first stage;
recovering a first fluid containing the first non-halogenated tracer from the first subterranean location and recovering a second fluid containing the second non-halogenated tracer from the second subterranean location, where the respective tracers have desorbed from their respective substrates;
the reacting comprises:
reacting the first non-halogenated tracer with a reagent to give a first derivatized tracer and
reacting the second non-halogenated tracer with a reagent to give a second derivatized tracer different from the first derivatized tracer;
detecting and distinguishing the fluid containing the first derivatized tracer and the fluid containing the second derivatized tracer.
14. The method of claim 9 where the substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of diatomaceous earth, alumina, an absorbent polymer, silica particulate, precipitated silica, activated carbon, zeolite, fullers earth, organic synthetic high molecular weight water-insoluble adsorbents, and combinations thereof.
15. The method of claim 9 where the substrate is a proppant.
16. A method for determining a presence of a tracer from a subterranean location comprising:
introducing at least one non-halogenated tracer into a subterranean location, where the at least one non-halogenated tracer is a molecule having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, aromatic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or combinations thereof, of alcohols, ketones, organic acids, organic acid salts, sulfonated alcohols, sulfonated ketones, sulfonated organic acids, sulfonated organic acid salts, and combinations thereof, where the non-halogenated tracer is absorbed into and/or adsorbed onto a plurality of substrates;
recovering a fluid from the subterranean location where the fluid comprises the at least one non-halogenated tracer that has desorbed from the substrate, where a majority of the plurality of the substrates remains within the subterranean location, where the fluid is selected from the group consisting of oil, water and combinations thereof, where the amount of at least one derivatized tracer in the at least a portion of the recovered fluid is 0.02 mg/L or more;
reacting the at least one non-halogenated tracer with a reagent to give at least one derivatized tracer, where the reagent is selected from the group consisting of pentafluoro benzyl chloride, pentafluoro benzoyl bromide, pentafluoro phenyl hydrazine, trifluoro acetic anhydride, trichloro ethanol, and combinations thereof; and
detecting the at least one derivatized tracer from at least a portion of the recovered fluid using a method selected from the group consisting of a gas chromatograph and an electron capture detector, a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer, high performance liquid chromatography with a mass spectrometer, and combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 16 where:
the introducing comprises:
introducing a first non-halogenated tracer absorbed onto and/or adsorbed onto a first plurality of substrates into a first subterranean location in a first fracturing stage;
introducing a second non-halogenated tracer absorbed into and/or adsorbed onto a second plurality of substrates different from the first non-halogenated tracer and different from the first plurality of substrates, respectively, into a second subterranean location in a second fracturing stage different from the first stage;
recovering a first fluid containing the first non-halogenated tracer from the first subterranean location and recovering a second fluid containing the second non-halogenated tracer from the second subterranean location, where the respective tracers have desorbed from their respective substrates; and
the reacting comprises:
reacting the first non-halogenated tracer with a reagent to give a first derivatized tracer and
reacting the second non-halogenated tracer with a reagent to give a second derivatized tracer different from the first derivatized tracer;
detecting and distinguishing the fluid containing the first derivatized tracer and the fluid containing the second derivatized tracer.
18. The method of claim 16 where the substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of diatomaceous earth, alumina, an absorbent polymer, silica particulate, precipitated silica, activated carbon, zeolite, fullers earth, organic synthetic high molecular weight water-insoluble adsorbents, and combinations thereof.
19. The method of claim 16 where the substrate is a proppant.