BLEED DETECTION TECHNIQUE

1 . A method to detect internal bleeding complications, comprising:

determining, by an impedance measuring apparatus, a bioimpedance value at each of a plurality of frequencies;

normalizing, by the impedance measuring apparatus, each bioimpedance value at each frequency to a calibration bioimpedance value at that same frequency to produce a set of normalized bioimpedance values at the plurality of frequencies;

computing, by the impedance measuring apparatus, a bleed indication value based on the set of normalized bioimpedance values; and

generating, by the impedance measuring apparatus, an alarm indicative of a bleed complication based on a comparison of the bleed indication value to a threshold.

2 . The method of claim 1 wherein computing the bleed indication value includes computing, at each frequency, an absolute value of a difference between a calibration ratio at that frequency and the normalized bioimpedance value at the same frequency.

3 . The method of claim 2 wherein computing the bleed indication value further includes:

for each frequency, adding the absolute value for that frequency to the calibration ratio to produce a bioimpedance trend value; and

computing an average of the bioimpedance trend values across the frequencies to generate the bleed indication value.

4 . The method of claim 3 further comprising computing a confidence value based on the normalized bioimpedance values and the calibration bioimpedance values, and wherein generating the alarm includes generating the alarm based on the confidence value and a comparison of the bleed indication value to a threshold.

5 . The method of claim 3 further comprising computing a confidence value based on the normalized bioimpedance values and the calibration bioimpedance values, and wherein generating the alarm includes generating the alarm based on, for two subsequent sets of determined bioimpedance values, the confidence value indicating the bleed indication value is statistically significant and the bleed indication value exceeding a threshold.

6 . The method of claim 1 wherein generating the alarm includes generating an audible or visual alarm.

7 . A bleed detection apparatus, comprising:

a signal generator to generate an input electrical signal to be provided to an electrode coupled to human tissue; and

a processor coupled to the signal generator to cause the electrical signal to be provided to the electrode to and to receive a response signal from the electrode and to compute a bioimpedance based on the input electrical signal and the response signal;

wherein the processor is to:

determine a bioimpedance value at each of a plurality of frequencies;

normalize each bioimpedance value at each frequency to a calibration bioimpedance value at that same frequency to produce a set of normalized bioimpedance values at the plurality of frequencies;

compute a bleed indication value based on the set of normalized bioimpedance values; and

generate an alarm indicative of a bleed complication based on a comparison of the bleed indication value to a threshold.

8 . The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the processor is to compute the bleed indication value by computing, at each frequency, an absolute value of a difference between a calibration ratio at that frequency and the normalized bioimpedance value at the same frequency.

9 . The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the processor is to compute the bleed indication value further by:

for each frequency, adding the absolute value for that frequency to the calibration ratio to produce a bioimpedance trend value; and

computing an average of the bioimpedance trend values across the frequencies to generate the bleed indication value.

10 . The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the processor is to compute a confidence value based on the normalized bioimpedance values and the calibration bioimpedance values, and wherein the processor is to generate the alarm based on the confidence value and a comparison of the bleed indication value to a threshold.

11 . The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the processor is to compute a confidence value based on the normalized bioimpedance values and the calibration bioimpedance values, and wherein the processor is to generate the alarm based on, for two subsequent sets of determined bioimpedance values, the confidence value indicating the bleed indication value is statistically significant and the bleed indication value exceeding a threshold.

12 . The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the processor is to generate the alarm by generating an audible or visual alarm.