Spoof detection for biometric authentication
This specification describes technologies relating to biometric authentication based on images of the eye. In general, one aspect of the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in methods that include obtaining images of a subject including a view of an eye. The methods may further include determining a behavioral metric based on detected movement of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images, determining a spatial metric based on a distance from a sensor to a landmark that appears in a plurality of the images each having a different respective focus distance, and determining a reflectance metric based on detected changes in surface glare or specular reflection patterns on a surface of the eye. The methods may further include determining a score based on the behavioral, spatial, and reflectance metrics and rejecting or accepting the one or more images based on the score.
1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
capturing, using a light sensor, a plurality of images of a subject including a view of an eye of the subject while changing one or more parameters at different times during the capturing and according to a pattern;
determining a behavioral metric based on, at least, detected movement of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images, wherein the behavioral metric is a measure of deviation of detected movement and timing from expected movement of the eye based on the pattern; and
rejecting or accepting the images based on, at least, the behavior metric.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein rejecting or accepting the images comprises:
determining a reflectance metric based on, at least, detected changes in surface glare or specular reflection patterns on a surface of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images, wherein the reflectance metric is a measure of deviation in glare or specular reflection patterns on the surface of the eye based on the pattern; and
rejecting or accepting the images based on, at least, the behavior and reflectance metrics.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein determining the reflectance metric comprises:
detecting an appearance of glare on the eye from one or more flash pulses captured by one or more of the images; and
measuring a time difference between the occurrence of the flash pulse and the appearance of a corresponding glare on the eye in the images.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein determining the reflectance metric comprises:
detecting fine three dimensional texture of a white of the eye by measuring uniformity of a pattern of glare on the eye from one or more flash pulses captured by one or more of the images.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein determining the behavioral metric comprises determining an onset, duration, velocity, or acceleration of pupil constriction in response to photic stimuli.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein determining the behavioral metric comprises determining an onset, duration, or acceleration of gaze transition in response to external stimuli.
7. The method of claim 1 , in which determining the behavioral metric comprises detecting blood flow of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a spatial metric according to the pattern based on, at least, a distance from the light sensor to a landmark that appears in a plurality of the images each having a different respective focus distance; and
wherein rejecting or accepting the images further based on the spatial metric.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the spatial metric is a measure of deviation of the subject from an expected three-dimensional shape.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein determining the spatial metric comprises determining parallax of two or more landmarks that appear in a plurality of the images.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein a particular parameter is a flash pulse, a focus setting of the light sensor, brightness of a display, exposure of the light sensor, white balance of the light sensor, or external stimuli.
12. A system comprising data processing apparatus programmed to perform operations comprising:
capturing, using a light sensor, a plurality of images of a subject including a view of an eye of the subject while changing one or more parameters at different times during the capturing and according to a pattern;
determining a behavioral metric based on, at least, detected movement of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images, wherein the behavioral metric is a measure of deviation of detected movement and timing from expected movement of the eye based on the pattern; and
rejecting or accepting the images based on, at least, the behavior metric.
13. The system of claim 12 wherein rejecting or accepting the images comprises:
determining a reflectance metric based on, at least, detected changes in surface glare or specular reflection patterns on a surface of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images, wherein the reflectance metric is a measure of deviation in glare or specular reflection patterns on the surface of the eye based on the pattern; and
rejecting or accepting the images based on, at least, the behavior and reflectance metrics.
14. The system of claim 13 wherein determining the reflectance metric comprises:
detecting an appearance of glare on the eye from one or more flash pulses captured by one or more of the images; and
measuring a time difference between the occurrence of the flash pulse and the appearance of a corresponding glare on the eye in the images.
15. The system of claim 13 wherein determining the reflectance metric comprises:
detecting fine three dimensional texture of a white of the eye by measuring uniformity of a pattern of glare on the eye from one or more flash pulses captured by one or more of the images.
16. The system of claim 12 wherein determining the behavioral metric comprises:
determining an onset, duration, velocity, or acceleration of pupil constriction in response to photic stimuli.
17. The system of claim 12 wherein determining the behavioral metric comprises determining an onset, duration, or acceleration of gaze transition in response to external stimuli.
18. The system of claim 12 , in which determining the behavioral metric comprises detecting blood flow of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images.
19. The system of claim 12 , wherein the operations further comprise:
determining a spatial metric according to the pattern based on, at least, a distance from the light sensor to a landmark that appears in a plurality of the images each having a different respective focus distance; and
wherein rejecting or accepting the images further based on the spatial metric.
20. The system of claim 19 wherein the spatial metric is a measure of deviation of the subject from an expected three-dimensional shape.
21. The system of claim 19 wherein determining the spatial metric comprises determining parallax of two or more landmarks that appear in a plurality of the images.
22. The system of claim 12 wherein a particular parameter is a flash pulse, a focus setting of the light sensor, brightness of a display, exposure of the light sensor, white balance of the light sensor, or external stimuli.
23. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by data processing apparatus, cause the data processing apparatus to perform operations comprising:
capturing, using a light sensor, a plurality of images of a subject including a view of an eye of the subject while changing one or more parameters at different times during the capturing and according to a pattern;
determining a behavioral metric based on, at least, detected movement of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images, wherein the behavioral metric is a measure of deviation of detected movement and timing from expected movement of the eye based on the pattern; and
rejecting or accepting the images based on, at least, the behavior metric.
24. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 23 wherein rejecting or accepting the images comprises:
determining a reflectance metric based on, at least, detected changes in surface glare or specular reflection patterns on a surface of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images, wherein the reflectance metric is a measure of deviation in glare or specular reflection patterns on the surface of the eye based on the pattern; and
rejecting or accepting the images based on, at least, the behavior and reflectance metrics.
25. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 24 wherein determining the reflectance metric comprises:
detecting an appearance of glare on the eye from one or more flash pulses captured by one or more of the images; and
measuring a time difference between the occurrence of the flash pulse and the appearance of a corresponding glare on the eye in the images.
26. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 24 wherein determining the reflectance metric comprises:
detecting fine three dimensional texture of a white of the eye by measuring uniformity of a pattern of glare on the eye from one or more flash pulses captured by one or more of the images.
27. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 23 wherein determining the behavioral metric comprises determining an onset, duration, velocity, or acceleration of pupil constriction in response to photic stimuli.
28. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 23 wherein determining the behavioral metric comprises determining an onset, duration, or acceleration of gaze transition in response to external stimuli.
29. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 23 , in which determining the behavioral metric comprises detecting blood flow of the eye as the eye appears in a plurality of the images.
30. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 23 wherein a particular parameter is a flash pulse, a focus setting of the light sensor, brightness of a display, exposure of the light sensor, white balance of the light sensor, or external stimuli.