Imaging through optical fibers for coupling optimization

1. A method to enhance optical coupling between a target device and an optical fiber, the method comprising:

establishing direct imaging through the optical fiber to generate a real-time image of the target device positioned near an output end of the optical fiber;

interrogating a position and an orientation of the target device to be optically coupled via an optical material to the output end of the optical fiber based on the real-time image of the target device; and

adjusting, in response to the interrogation, an optical property of the optical material to compensate for a misalignment of the target device relative to the output end of the optical fiber, to enhance an alignment of the target device for coupling with the output end of the optical fiber.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein establishing direct imaging through the optical fiber comprises:

directing an input light through an input end of the optical fiber;

observing a light pattern of the input light at one of the output end and the input end of the optical fiber;

determining transmission properties of the optical fiber based on the observed light pattern; and

applying a phase mask to the input light based on the determined transmission properties to produce a focused light at the output end of the optical fiber.

3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:

selecting the phase mask to compensate for light transmission perturbations induced by the determined transmission properties of the optical fiber.

4. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:

reflecting the input light from a spatial light modulator; and

directing the reflected input light into the optical fiber through a microscope objective.

5. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:

recording the light pattern of the input light at the output end of the optical fiber at a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, wherein the recorded light pattern represents an interference between optical modes of different amplitudes and phases of the input light determined by a propagation of the input light through the optical fiber.

6. The method of claim 2 , wherein determining the transmission properties of the optical fiber based on the observed light pattern comprises:

iteratively applying a series of different phase masks to the input light;

recording a resultant output light pattern for each phase mask of the series of different phase masks; and

determining the transmission properties of the optical fiber based on the resultant output light pattern for each phase mask of the series of different phase masks that employs one or more of: a genetic algorithm, a continuous sampling algorithm, a transmission matrix, and a partition algorithm.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein interrogating the position and the orientation of the target device comprises:

applying one or more imaging modalities selected to generate an image of the target device, wherein the one or more imaging modalities include at least one of: a confocal microscopy, a bright-field microscopy, a dark-field microscopy, and a phase-contrast microscopy.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining the misalignment of the target device relative to the output end of the optical fiber, and

directing an index adjustment light through the optical fiber to adjust a refractive index of the optical material to compensate for the determined misalignment, wherein the index adjustment light is a pulsed laser beam.

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

directing an input light in a pulse mode through the optical fiber to write a diffraction pattern into the optical material.

10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:

writing the diffraction pattern using one or more of: two-photon based photo-polymerization or laser machining, wherein the diffraction pattern redirects the input light reflected from the target device into the optical fiber to compensate for the determined misalignment.

11. A system to provide direct imaging through an optical fiber for coupling optimization with a target device, the system comprising:

the optical fiber;

an input light configured to be directed through an input end of the optical fiber to establish direct imaging through the optical fiber;

a controller configured to control the input light; and

the target device to be coupled via an optical material to an output end of the optical fiber, wherein a position and an orientation of the target device are adjusted in response to determination of a misalignment of the target device relative to the output end of the optical fiber, to enhance an alignment of the target device to couple with the output end of the optical fiber based on the established direct imaging, and

wherein the position and the orientation of the target device are adjusted by use of an index adjustment light that is configured to adjust a refractive index of the optical material to compensate for the determined misalignment.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the input light is a laser beam that has a uniform beam profile selected from one or more of: a solid state laser, a titanium doped sapphire laser, a semiconductor laser, a near-infrared laser, and a visible laser that has a wavelength in a range from about 400 to about 2000 nm.

13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the target device is mounted on a translation stage, and wherein the translation stage Ls configured to adjust the position and the orientation of the target device with at least 1 μm accuracy.

14. The system of claim 11 , further comprising:

a charge coupled device (CCD) camera positioned at the input end of the optical fiber, wherein the CCD camera is configured to collect light reflected from the target device via a non-polarizing beam splitter in an epi-illumination configuration.

15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the position and the orientation of the target device are determined through a scan of a produced focus over the target device at the output end of the optical fiber, a collection of light reflected from the scan of target device at the CCD camera, and a transformation of the collected light into an image of the target device.

16. The system of claim 11 , wherein the controller is configured to convert the input light from a continuous imaging mode to a pulse mode.

17. An apparatus to enhance alignment of a target device with an optical fiber, the apparatus comprising:

an input light configured to be directed through an input end of the optical fiber to establish direct imaging through the optical fiber;

a controller configured to control an index adjustment light; and

the target device optically coupled via an optical material to an output end of the optical fiber, wherein a misalignment of the target device relative to the output end of the optical fiber is determined based on the established direct imaging, and wherein the index adjustment light is configured to adjust a refractive index of the optical material to compensate for the determined misalignment.

18. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the target device is an optoelectronic device that includes one or more of: a light-emitting diode, a laser diode, a sensor, an optical router, and a modulator.

19. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the optical fiber is one of: a single mode fiber or a multi-mode fiber wrapped one or more times around a spool and held under a predefined tension.

20. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the optical material is an optical adhesive.