High-temperature or fuel-cell electrochemical system having improved thermal management
An electrochemical system including a stack of a longitudinal axis with alternating ceramic cells and interconnectors and including a thermal management mechanism incorporated in the stack, the thermal management mechanism including plates having a structured lateral surface through which a thermal transfer by radiation towards outside of the stack takes place.
1. An electrochemical system, comprising:
a stack having a longitudinal axis and comprising ceramic units, interconnectors, and radiative plates for transferring heat to and from the stack, wherein the stack includes at least one section along the longitudinal axis in which the ceramic units and the interconnectors are alternating; and
electrodes made of a ceramic material,
wherein:
the radiative plates comprise at least one lateral edge with a surface through which a heat exchange occurs by radiation with an exterior of the stack;
the surface is at least partly structured;
the radiative plates are positioned in the stack such that two of the ceramic units are arranged on two faces of each of the radiative plates and are in direct contact with the two faces of each of the radiative plates; and
at least one of the interconnectors is separated from a nearest radiative plate by two of the ceramic units.
2. The electrochemical system according to claim 1 , wherein:
the interconnectors are between 0.1 mm and 15 mm thick; and
at least one of the radiative plates is between 5 mm and 50 mm thick, and is thicker than the interconnectors.
3. The electrochemical system according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the radiative plates has a transverse section greater than that of the ceramic units, and greater than that of the interconnectors, such that the transverse section has a peripheral ridge protruding from the stack.
4. The electrochemical system according to claim 3 , wherein the peripheral ridge includes a lateral edge with a surface at least partly structured, and two longitudinal faces, at least one longitudinal face of which is at least partly structured.
5. The electrochemical system according to claim 4 , wherein the surface of the lateral edge, the at least one longitudinal face, or both, is covered with a material having emissivity close to 1, or with Pr 2 NiO 4+δ .
6. The electrochemical system according to claim 3 , wherein the peripheral ridge is thicker than a portion of the at least one of the radiative plates positioned inside the stack.
7. The electrochemical system according to claim 3 , wherein at least one of the radiative plates includes means of thermal transfer by convection formed by channels made in the at least one of the radiative plates and extending roughly in its plane, wherein the thermal transfer occurs by a fluid flowing in the channels.
8. The electrochemical system according to claim 7 , wherein the fluid is fluid different from a fluid used in electrolysis reactions of the electrochemical system.
9. The electrochemical system according to claim 7 , wherein the fluid is an electrolysis gas used in at least electrolysis reactions of the electrochemical system, the system including means connecting the channels to an electrolysis gas supply circuit.
10. The electrochemical system according to claim 1 , wherein two or more of the radiative plates are distributed periodically in the stack, or in every 4 to 12 of elementary units, in which an elementary unit of the elementary units is formed by one of the ceramic cells and two of the interconnectors.
11. The electrochemical system according to claim 10 , wherein the two or more of the radiative plates include an electrical connection configured to electrically isolate cells located between the two or more of the radiative plates.
12. The electrochemical system according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the radiative plates has undulations on at least one of the lateral edge.
13. The electrochemical system according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the radiative plates has at least one cavity including a phase-change material that changes phase at desired operating temperatures of the electrochemical system.
14. The electrochemical system according to claim 13 , wherein the phase-change material is a eutectic material having a solidus temperature of about 800° C. and a liquidus temperature of about 850° C.
15. The electrochemical system according to claim 13 , wherein the phase-change material is a molten salt, or is NaCl.
16. The electrochemical system according to claim 1 , wherein at least two of the radiative plates comprise an electrical connection configured to electrically isolate cells located between the at least two of the radiative plates.