Low profile temperature transducer
A low profile temperature transducer has a working surface for placement against a body surface and a first output. The transducer is a flat laminate composed of alternating conductive and dielectric layers. The laminate defines at least one slotline antenna for exposure to the body surface to pick up thermal emissions from the underlying tissue at depth. A feed network having a characteristic impedance is connected to the first output and a slotline-to-stripline transition is connected between the at least one antenna and the feed network, the transition providing a match between the impedance at the at least one antenna and the characteristic impedance. Also, a temperature sensor may be present at the working surface to detect the body surface temperature under the transducer, that surface temperature being used to calculate actual temperature at depth.
1. A low profile temperature transducer having a working surface for placement against a body surface to pick up thermal emissions at a depth below the body surface and produce a corresponding transducer output, said transducer comprising a flat laminate composed of alternating conductive and dielectric layers which define at least one slotline antenna adapted to receive thermal radiation emanating from a depth below the body surface and produce a corresponding antenna output, a feed network having a characteristic impedance connected to said transducer output and a slotline-to-stripline transition connected between the at least one antenna and the feed network, said transition providing a match between impedance at the at least one antenna and said characteristic impedance,
wherein the flat laminate includes:
a first metal layer at the working surface that defines an antenna aperture:
a second metal layer beyond the first metal layer is slotted to form the at least one antenna, the first metal layer and the second metal layer being grounded:
a third metal layer beyond the second metal layer that includes said feed network and said
transition: and
a fourth metal layer beyond the third metal layer is slotted in the same configuration as the second metal layer and the corresponding slots of the second metal layer and the fourth metal
layer are connected electrically at slot perimeters thereof to form the at least one antenna.
2. The transducer defined in claim 1 wherein
said transition comprises a pair of stripline traces which bridge each slot antenna at selected spaced-apart locations along the length thereof, one of each stripline trace being connected to the second metal layer, and a stub trace connected to the other end of each stripline trace to provide said impedance match, and
said feed network comprises electrical connections between the stub traces associated with each pair of stripline traces and said transducer output.
3. The transducer defined in claim 2 wherein
said at least one antenna comprises two or more similar antennas, and
the feed network combines the outputs of all of the two or more similar antennas at said transducer output.
4. The transducer defined in claim 1 wherein plated through holes are provided in the dielectric layers between the second metal layer and the fourth metal layer to electrically connect the slot perimeters of the second metal layer and the fourth metal layer.
5. The transducer defined in claim 1 wherein said first metal layer is part of a grounded conductive shield that surrounds all the other layers to exclude outside
electrical effects.
6. The transducer defined in claim 1 and further including a temperature sensor affixed to said working surface for sensing the temperature of the body surface under the transducer, an output of the sensor constituting a second transducer output.
7. The transducer defined in claim 6 wherein said sensor is selected from the group consisting of an infrared sensor, a thermistor and a thermocouple.
8. The transducer defined in claim 1 and further including a blood oxygen saturation sensor at said working surface.
9. A temperature measuring apparatus comprising
the transducer defined in claim 1 , and a radiometer connected to receive the transducer output and produce a corresponding temperature signal and a processor for processing the temperature signal and said sensor output to provide an indication of the actual temperature at depth under the transducer.
10. A low profile temperature transducer for determining intracranial temperature by picking up thermal emissions at a depth below a cranium surface and producing a corresponding transducer output, said transducer formed to fit a contour of the cranium surface and comprising a flat laminate composed of alternating conductive and dielectric layers which define at least one slotline antenna adapted to receive thermal radiation emanating from below the cranium surface and produce a corresponding antenna output, a feed network having a characteristic impedance connected to said transducer output and a slotline-to-stripline transition connected between the at least one antenna and the feed network, said transition providing a match between impedance at the at least one antenna and said characteristic impedance, wherein the flat laminate includes an antenna aperture arranged to allow microwave fields emanating from the depth below the cranium surface to pass through to the slotline antenna, and wherein a first metal layer defines the antenna aperture, a second metal layer beyond the first metal layer is slotted to form the at least one antenna, said first and second layers being grounded, and a third metal layer beyond the second metal layer includes said feed network and said transition, said transition comprising a pair of stripline traces which bridge each slot antenna at selected spaced-apart locations along the length thereof, one of each stripline trace being connected to the second metal layer, and a stub trace connected to the other end of each stripline trace to provide said impedance match, and said feed network comprising electrical connections between the stub traces associated with each pair of stripline traces and said transducer output.
11. The transducer defined in claim 10 wherein:
said at least one antenna comprises two or more similar antennas, and
the feed network combines the outputs of all of the two or more similar antennas at said transducer output.