Methods and apparatus for rapid detection of infectious microorganisms
An array of micro-chambers ( 220 ) with individual ion sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) ( 300 ) disposed therein for monitoring single cell activity in the microarray to determine the presence or absence of microorganisms in a sample ( 390 ). In addition to the presence or absence of a single cell, certain further embodiments contemplate monitoring cell behavior. Cell behavior includes the entire range of cell activity as well as cell response to changes in environmental conditions of changes in response due to the addition of sample constituents.
1. A method for determining the presence of a microorganism in a sample comprising:
introducing the sample into a volume of a housing having an array of chambers disposed therein, wherein at least some of the chambers have a height of between about 5 μm and about 100 μm and an opening at the top thereof that is from about 5 μm to about 10 μm in width to receive from the volume at least one microorganism within the chamber, each chamber in fluid communication with the overlying housing volume, the chambers not otherwise in fluid communication with each other, and wherein the housing is a centrifugable collection tube in which the array of chambers is disposed proximate a bottom of the collection tube;
subjecting the sample to conditions that cause at least some of the microorganisms in the sample to flow into the top opening of at least some of the chambers in the housing, wherein at least some of the chambers have an ion sensitive field-effect transistor disposed therein; and
detecting a change in the portion of the sample disposed in the chamber indicative of at least one of the presence or absence or response of the microorganism.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microorganisms are caused to flow toward the array of chambers in the housing by centrifugation.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microorganisms are caused to flow toward the array of chambers by subjecting the sample to an electric field.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microorganisms are caused to flow toward the array of chambers in the housing by introducing magnetic particles or paramagnetic particles into the sample, the magnetic or paramagnetic particles being configured to attract and bind the microorganism thereto, and subjecting the sample to a magnetic field in the sample.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
adding antimicrobial agents into at least some of the chambers;
determining the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antimicrobial agents by comparing change in the sample detected in a first chamber that contains the antimicrobial agent to a change in the sample detected in a second chamber that does not contain the antimicrobial agent.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
subjecting the sample to conditions that cause the microorganisms to grow;
monitoring the sample for a change in conditions indicative of microorganism growth; and
generating a growth curve of the microorganism based on the change in the sample conditions.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising determining the identity of the microorganism by comparing the generated growth curve of the microorganism to one or more standard growth curves of known microorganisms.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein generating the growth curve of the microorganism comprises monitoring cell growth over time.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein generating the growth curve of the microorganism comprises monitoring values of a sample condition over time.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the sample condition is carbon dioxide concentration.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein the growth curve is generated in real time.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising:
adding a constituent to the sample;
determining a change the growth curve in response to the added constituent.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the constituent is an antibiotic.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the constituent is an antifungal.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the constituent is a microorganism nutrient.