Organic electroluminescent element and method for manufacturing organic electroluminescent element

1. An organic electroluminescent element, comprising:

a lower electrode;

an organic functional layer on the lower electrode; and

an upper electrode on the organic functional layer, the upper electrode having a crystalline structure, wherein

profile of an upper surface of the upper electrode has a kurtosis of between −0.7 and 0.3 inclusive,

oxygen is distributed in the organic functional layer, the oxygen being distributed from an interface with the upper electrode to a depth of no more than 18 nm,

the upper electrode has been formed by magnetron sputtering with an ion current density per unit dynamic rate being in a range of 0.2 mA/cm 2 to 0.4 mA/cm 2 inclusive,

the upper electrode has been formed by the magnetron sputtering with a distance between a target and a film-forming substrate being 50 mm to 80 mm inclusive,

the upper electrode has been formed by the magnetron sputtering with an inert gas flow being in a range of 100 sccm to 500 sccm inclusive,

the upper electrode has been formed by the magnetron sputtering with an oxygen gas flow being in a range of 5 sccm to 25 sccm inclusive,

the upper electrode has been formed by the magnetron sputtering with a pulse frequency of current applied to the target being in a range of 100 kHz to 500 kHz inclusive, and

the upper electrode has been formed by the magnetron sputtering with a duty ratio being in a range of 60% to 73% inclusive.

2. The organic electroluminescent element of claim 1 , wherein

the upper electrode has been formed by magnetron sputtering with an ambient gas pressure being in a range of 0.4 Pa to 1.0 Pa inclusive.

3. The organic electroluminescent element of claim 2 , wherein

the upper electrode has been formed by the magnetron sputtering with the ambient gas pressure being in a range of 0.4 Pa to 0.6 Pa inclusive.

4. The organic electroluminescent element of claim 1 , wherein

the oxygen is distributed in the organic functional layer from the interface with the upper electrode to a depth of 15 nm to 18 nm.

5. The organic electroluminescent element of claim 1 , wherein

a material of the upper electrode is distributed in the organic functional layer, the material being distributed from the interface with the upper electrode to a depth of 12 nm to 15 nm.

6. The organic electroluminescent element of claim 1 , wherein

the organic functional layer is composed of a plurality of layers including an electron transport layer,

the lower electrode is an anode, and

the upper electrode is a cathode, and is in contact with the electron transport layer.

7. The organic electroluminescent element of claim 6 , wherein

the upper electrode is made of a light-transmissive electrically-conductive material.

8. The organic electroluminescent element of claim 7 , wherein

the upper electrode is made of an oxide containing at least one selected from the group consisting of In, Ti, Zn, and Sn.

9. The organic electroluminescent element of claim 1 , wherein

the profile of the upper surface of the upper electrode has a skewness of between −0.5 and 0.7 inclusive.

10. The organic electroluminescent element of claim 1 , wherein

the upper electrode has been formed by magnetron sputtering with a power density of between 4.5 W/cm 2 and 9.0 W/cm 2 inclusive.

11. A method for manufacturing an organic electroluminescent element comprising:

forming a lower electrode on a substrate;

forming an organic functional layer on the lower electrode; and

forming an upper electrode on the organic functional layer by magnetron sputtering with an ambient gas pressure being in a range of 0.4 Pa to 1.0 Pa inclusive so that profile of an upper surface of the upper electrode has a kurtosis of between −0.7 and 0.3 inclusive, the upper electrode having a crystalline structure, wherein

in the forming of the upper electrode, oxygen is distributed in the organic functional layer, the oxygen being distributed from an interface with the upper electrode to a depth of no more than 18 nm,

the upper electrode is formed by the magnetron sputtering with an ion current density per unit dynamic rate being in a range of 0.2 mA/cm 2 to 0.4 mA/cm 2 inclusive,

the upper electrode is formed by the magnetron sputtering with a distance between a target and a film-forming substrate being 50 mm to 80 mm inclusive,

the upper electrode is formed by the magnetron sputtering with an inert gas flow being in a range of 100 sccm to 500 sccm inclusive,

the upper electrode is formed by the magnetron sputtering with an oxygen gas flow being in a range of 5 sccm to 25 sccm inclusive,

the upper electrode is formed by the magnetron sputtering with a pulse frequency of current applied to the target being in a range of 100 kHz to 500 kHz inclusive, and

the upper electrode is formed by the magnetron sputtering with a duty ratio being in a range of 60% to 73% inclusive.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein

the upper electrode has been formed by the magnetron sputtering with the ambient gas pressure being in a range of 0.4 Pa to 0.6 Pa inclusive.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein

the oxygen is distributed in the organic functional layer from the interface with the upper electrode to a depth of 15 nm to 18 nm.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein

in the forming of the upper electrode, a material of the upper electrode is distributed in the organic functional layer, the material being distributed from the interface with the upper electrode to a depth of 12 nm to 15 nm.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein

the profile of the upper surface of the upper electrode has a skewness of between −0.5 and 0.7 inclusive.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein

the upper electrode has been formed by magnetron sputtering with a power density of between 4.5 W/cm 2 and 9.0 W/cm 2 inclusive.