Provided herein are fluorescent sensor agents, and methods of use and manufacture thereof. In particular, sensor agents are provided that exhibit a detectable change in fluorescence (e.g., fluorescence intensity) upon alteration of the pH of the surrounding environment (e.g., upon moving from one pH environment to another).
1. A pH sensor agent comprising:
wherein R1 and R2 are independently alkyl sulfonic acids, and wherein R3-R6 are independently: H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, an alkoxide group, an alkyl group, a heteroalkyl group, an aryl group, CO 2 H, SO 3 H, L-CO 2 H, L-SO 3 H, L-W, or L-CS; wherein L is a linear, branched, and/or cyclic covalent linkage comprising 0-16 non-hydrogen atoms and comprising any suitable combination of: ester, acid, sulphonic acid, sulfamide, amine, amide, alcohol, ether, thioether, halide, single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds, and aromatic bonds; wherein W is a reactive group; wherein X is: O, CR 17 , MR 17 ; wherein R 17 is: H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, an alkoxide group, an alkyl group, an aryl group, CO 2 H, SO 3 H, L-CO 2 H, L-SO 3 H, L-Y, or L-CS; and wherein M is selected from C, N, O, Si, P, S, Ge, As, Se, Sn, Sb, Te, Pb, Bi, and Po.
2. The pH sensor agent of claim 1 , wherein R1 and R2 are CH 2 (CH 2 ) n SO 3 − , wherein n=0-25.
3. A composition comprising an entity of interest tethered to a pH sensor agent of claim 1 .
4. A method of detecting the pH of an environment comprising:
a) contacting a pH sensor agent of claim 1 to said environment;
b) detecting fluorescence from said pH sensor agent; and
c) correlating said fluorescence to said pH.
5. A method of monitoring changes in the pH of an environment comprising:
a) contacting a pH sensor agent of claim 1 with said environment;
b) detecting fluorescence from said pH sensor agent over time; and
c) correlating changes in fluorescence to changes in pH.
6. A method of detecting movement of an entity of interest from a first pH environment to a second pH environment comprising:
a) contacting a pH sensor agent of claim 1 to said first pH environment;
b) detecting fluorescence of said pH sensor agent in said first pH environment;
c) monitoring said fluorescence of said pH sensor agent, wherein a change in said fluorescence indicates movement of said pH sensor agent to a second pH environment.
7. The pH sensor agent of claim 2 , wherein n=1-6.
8. The pH sensor of claim 7 , wherein R1 and R2 are alkyl sulfonic acids of the same length.
9. The pH sensor of claim 7 , wherein R1 and R2 are butyl sulphonic acid sulfonic acid.
10. The pH sensor of claim 7 , wherein R3, R5, and R6 are hydrogen.
11. The pH sensor of claim 10 , comprising a compound of:
12. The pH sensor of claim 10 , comprising a compound of: