EAP transducers with improved performance
The present invention provides electroactive polymer (“EAP”) transducers having improved properties. This improvement is achieved without decreasing film thickness, or by using high dielectric constant and high field, so that this approach does not adversely affect the reliability and physical properties of the resultant dielectric films. Mobile electrically active additives are added to the electrode formulation which significantly improve the performance of electroactive polymer transducers. Such additives do not need to be ionic. These electrically active additives can enable higher performance devices, smaller devices using less active area, lower voltage/power operation, and combinations of these enhancements.
1. A transducer film comprising:
a dielectric elastomer material;
an electrode material on at least one side of the dielectric elastomer material; and
at least one electrically active additive, wherein the at least one electrically active additive is configured to diffuse through the dielectric elastomer material upon the application of an electric field.
2. The transducer film of claim 1 further comprising an encapsulant material.
3. The transducer film of claim 1 , wherein the electrically active additive is a component of the electrode material.
4. The transducer film of claim 2 , wherein the electrically active additive is a component of the encapsulant material.
5. The transducer film of claim 1 , wherein the electrode material is on both sides of the dielectric elastomer material.
6. The transducer film of claim 1 , wherein the electrically active additive comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of ionic salts, iodonium salts and sulfonium salts.
7. The transducer film of claim 1 , wherein the electrically active additive comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of (4-tert-Butylphenyl) diphenyl sulfonium triflate, Tris(pentafluorophenyl) boron, 4-isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, Sodium tetraphenylborate, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]borate, bis(4-tert-butylphenyl) iodonium triflate, tris({4-[(4-acetylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl})sulfanium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, sodium chloride and a phthalocyanine.
8. The transducer film of claim 1 further comprising at least one additional dielectric elastomer layer separated from the dielectric elastomer material by a separating layer.
9. The transducer film of claim 8 , wherein the separating layer is a conductive material.
10. A transducer device comprising the transducer film of claim 1 .
11. A method for fabricating the transducer device of claim 10 comprising a photo- or thermal treatment after application of the electrically active additive.
12. A transducer film comprising:
a dielectric elastomer material;
an electrode material on at least one side of the dielectric elastomer material;
at least one electrically active additive; and
at least one additional dielectric elastomer layer separated from the dielectric elastomer material by a separating layer wherein the separating layer is an impermeable dielectric layer that is not permeable to charges or ions.