Electrochemical detection method

1. An electrochemical test method comprising:

(i) carrying out an electrochemical first step using an electrochemical apparatus controlled by a computer, wherein the first step involves applying an alternating potential or alternative current to a working electrode in a first physical environment over a plurality of concentrations for a target species and at a plurality of applied frequencies of applied current or applied voltage, and monitoring, respectively, the response of the electrode in terms of, respectively, the output alternating current or output alternating potential, and

using a relationship between the applied alternating potential or alternating current and, respectively, the output alternating current or output alternating potential, calculating using a computer program a plurality of immittance functions and/or components thereof for each of the concentrations of the target species in the first physical environment and at each applied frequency of applied current or applied voltage, and

determining, using the computer program, a quantitative relationship between each immittance function/component thereof and the concentration of a target species in a carrier medium at each applied frequency of applied current or applied voltage, the plurality of immittance functions forming a library of immittance functions, and the plurality of immittance functions being at least two of a complex impedance function, a complex admittance function, a complex modulus function, a complex dielectric constant transfer function and a complex conductance transfer function;

(ii) selecting from the library of immittance function, using a computer program, an immittance function or component thereof and a frequency of applied current or applied voltage for use in a subsequent electrochemical test, the selecting comprising:

comparing using a computer program how each immittance function or component thereof vary with a change in the concentration of a target species in a carrier medium for a first physical environment at each applied frequency of applied current or applied voltage and selecting using a computer program the immittance function or component thereof and the frequency of applied current or applied voltage, that together have the highest extent of variation with the change in concentration or the immittance function or component thereof and the frequency of applied current or applied voltage, that together have the highest correlation with the change in concentration;

(iii) carrying out a second electrochemical step using an electrochemical apparatus controlled by a computer, the second step involving:

applying an alternating potential or alternating current to

a working electrode at a frequency selected in step (ii) in a second physical environment containing the target species, and monitoring, respectively, the response of the electrode in terms of, respectively, the output alternating current or output alternating potential, and, using a relationship value between the applied alternating potential or alternating current and, respectively, the output alternating current or output alternating potential, to calculate, using a computer program, a value for the selected immittance function or component thereof for the second physical environment, and

using the qualitative relationship between the selected immittance function and component thereof determined in the first electrochemical step, calculating using a computer program, the concentration of the target species in the second physical environment, wherein the first physical environment provides a suitable system for calibrating the concentration of a target species in a carrier medium for the second physical environment; and

wherein the carrier medium of the second physical environment comprises a biological fluid sample.

2. The electrochemical test method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one component of each immittance function is selected from the group consisting of: the real part of the immittance function, the imaginary part of the immittance function, the amplitude of an immittance function, the phase of the immittance function, and combinations thereof.

3. The electrochemical test method according to claim 1 , wherein the method involves determining a first immittance function for the first physical environment and then generating for the first physical environment one or more second immittance functions from the first immittance function, and then determining how the first and one or more second immittance functions and/or components thereof vary with the concentration of a target species in a carrier medium.

4. The electrochemical test method according to claim 3 , wherein the generating of the one or more second immittance functions from the first immittance function for the first physical environment involves using a phasorial analysis.

5. The electrochemical test method according to claim 1 , wherein the method involves determining a first immittance function for the first physical environment, which is an impedance immittance function, determining one or more second immittance functions other than an impedance immittance function for the first physical environment, and then determining how the first and one or more second immittance functions and/or the components thereof vary with the concentration of a target species in a carrier medium.

6. The electrochemical test method according to claim 1 , wherein the comparing comprises of at least one of:

(i) comparing the extent of variation of the immittance functions and/or components thereof with the change in the concentration of a target species in a carrier medium; and

(ii) comparing the correlation of the variation of the immittance functions and/or components thereof with the concentration of a target species in a carrier medium.

7. The electrochemical test method according to claim 1 , wherein the determining involves plotting a component of each immittance function against either the concentration of a species in a carrier medium in the first physical environment or the logarithm of the concentration of a species in a carrier medium in the first physical environment.

8. The electrochemical test method according to claim 1 , wherein the working electrode has on a surface thereof probe moieties that bind to the target species.