Wearable electrochemical sensors

1. A method of producing an epidermal biosensor, comprising:

forming an electrode pattern onto a coated surface of a paper-based substrate to form an electrochemical sensor, the electrode pattern including an electrically conductive material and an electrically insulative material configured in a particular design layout;

attaching an adhesive sheet on a surface of the electrochemical sensor having the electrode pattern, the adhesive sheet capable of adhering to skin or a wearable item, wherein the adhesive sheet includes an outer coating layer on an external surface of the adhesive sheet not in contact with the electrode pattern;

removing the outer coating layer from the adhesive sheet to enable adhesion of the electrochemical sensor to the skin or the wearable item via the adhesive sheet; and

removing the paper-based substrate from the electrochemical sensor to expose the electrode pattern to the external environment,

wherein the electrochemical sensor, when attached to the skin or the wearable item, is operable to detect chemical analytes within an external environment.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outer coating layer includes polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coated surface includes a release agent material including cellulose acetate.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adhesive sheet includes polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming includes performing screen printing or inkjet printing the electrode pattern onto the coated surface of the paper-based substrate.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically insulative material includes a nonconductive ink including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material includes a conductive ink including at least one of gold, platinum, nickel, silver, or silver chloride.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode pattern further includes carbon fiber segments dispersed within the electrically conductive material of the electrode pattern.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode pattern further includes an electrically semi-conductive material.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the electrically semi-conductive material includes a semi-conductive ink including at least one of amorphous carbon, carbon black, or graphite.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the electrode pattern further includes carbon fiber segments dispersed within the electrically semi-conductive material of the electrode pattern.

12. A method of producing an epidermal biosensor, comprising:

forming an electrode pattern onto a coated surface of a paper-based substrate to form an electrochemical sensor, the electrode pattern including an electrically conductive material and an electrically insulative material configured in a particular design layout;

attaching an adhesive sheet on a surface of the electrochemical sensor having the electrode pattern, the adhesive sheet capable of adhering to skin or a wearable item and structured to include a coating layer on an external surface of the adhesive sheet; and

removing the paper-based substrate from the electrochemical sensor to expose the electrode pattern,

wherein the electrochemical sensor, when attached to the skin or the wearable item, is operable to detect a substance present within a fluid that contact the electrode pattern coupled to the skin or the wearable item.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the electrochemical sensor is operable to detect physiological or chemical signals from the skin.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the coating layer includes polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising when attached to the skin or the wearable item, removing the coating layer from the adhesive sheet exposing a non-adhesive surface of the adhesive sheet.

16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the coated surface of the paper-based substrate includes a release agent material including cellulose acetate.

17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the adhesive sheet includes polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the forming includes performing screen printing or inkjet printing the electrode pattern onto the coated surface of the paper-based substrate.

19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the electrically insulative material includes a nonconductive ink including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the electrically conductive material includes a conductive ink including at least one of gold, platinum, nickel, silver, or silver chloride.

21. The method of claim 12 , wherein the electrode pattern further includes carbon fiber segments dispersed within the electrically conductive material of the electrode pattern.

22. The method of claim 12 , wherein the electrode pattern further includes an electrically semi-conductive material.

23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the electrically semi-conductive material includes a semi-conductive ink including at least one of amorphous carbon, carbon black, or graphite.

24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the electrode pattern further includes carbon fiber segments dispersed within the electrically semi-conductive material of the electrode pattern.