Proppants and anti-flowback additives comprising flash calcined clay, methods of manufacture, and methods of use
Spherical and rod-shaped proppants and anti-flowback agents made from flash calcined clays, such as flash calcined kaolin, possess high strength and high conductivity. The starting material may optionally be milled to achieve better compacity and crush resistance in the final proppant or anti-flowback agent. A fracturing fluid may include the rods or spheres alone, or in combination with each other or other proppants or anti-flowback agents of different shapes.
1. A proppant or anti-flowback additive comprising sintered ceramic particles formed from a flash calcined clay.
2. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the flash calcined clay comprises flash calcined kaolin clay.
3. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the flash calcined clay comprises flash calcined bauxitic kaolin.
4. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the flash calcined clay is selected from flash calcined ball-clay, flash calcined fireclay, flash calcined smectite clay, and flash calcined illite clay.
5. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic particles have a sphericity of 0.7 or greater on the Krumbein scale.
6. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the ceramic particles are rod-shaped.
7. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has an apparent specific gravity of about 1.5 to about 4.2.
8. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a bulk density of about 0.5 g/cm3 to about 2.5 g/cm 3 .
9. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive is coated with a natural or synthetic coating.
10. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the particles have an average diameter of about 0.089 mm to about 3 mm.
11. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the particles have an average mesh size of about 12 mesh to about 80 mesh.
12. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive comprises rod-shaped particles and substantially spherical particles.
13. The proppant or anti-flowback additive of claim 1 , wherein the proppant or anti-flowback additive has a crush strength of at least about 200 MPa.
14. A method of fracturing subterranean formations comprising injecting a fluid comprising a proppant or anti-flowback additive according to claim 1 .
15. A method of making a proppant or anti-flowback additive comprising:
providing a ceramic precursor composition comprising a flash calcined clay;
pelletizing the ceramic precursor composition; and
sintering the pelletized ceramic precursor composition to form a proppant or anti-flowback additive.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the at least one flash calcined clay comprises flash calcined kaolin.
17. The method of claim 15 , further comprising milling to achieve a material with a first particle size distribution.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising milling to achieve a material with a second particle size distribution.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the milling results in a material having a d50 less than 10 microns.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the at least one flash calcined clay mineral has been sintered at a temperature of about 1250° C. to about 1700° C.