Controlling a modular converter with a plurality of converter modules

1. A method for controlling a modular converter with a plurality of converter modules, each converter module having two power connectors, power semiconductors and an energy storage and/or an energy source, wherein the power connectors are short-circuited in a first switching state of the power semiconductors and are connected to the energy storage and/or energy source in a second switching state of the power semiconductors, the method comprising:

selecting possible future switching sequences of the modular converter based on an actual converter switching state, wherein a switching sequence is a series of converter switching states with at least one converter switching state, and the converter switching state includes switching states of the plurality of converter modules;

predicting a future current trajectory for each switching sequence based on actual internal currents and on actual internal voltages;

determining candidate sequences from the switching sequences, wherein a candidate sequence is a switching sequence with a current trajectory within predefined bounds with respect to a reference current or, when the current traiectory is outside the predefined bounds, moves the current trajectory closer to the predefined bound;

predicting future module voltages for each candidate sequence based on actual module voltages and the current trajectory of a respective candidate sequence;

evaluating a cost function for each candidate sequence, wherein the cost function is based on converter switching states of at least one of the switching sequence, the future module voltages and future currents; and

selecting a next converter switching state as a first converter switching state of a candidate sequence with a minimal cost among evaluated cost functions.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cost function is based on a number of switching operations between two consecutive converter switching states.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cost function is based on a difference between module voltages of converter modules of a converter arm, the converter arm comprising:

at least two converter modules connected in series.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cost function is based on a difference between a module voltage and a supply voltage at an input of the converter.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cost function is based on a difference between a sum of module voltages of a first converter arm for a phase and a sum of module voltages of a second converter arm for a same phase or a different phase.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cost function is based on a difference between a sum of module voltages of a first phase, and a sum of module voltages of a second phase.

7. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

deselecting candidate sequences for which the future module voltages do not stay within predefined bounds.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein each converter module comprises:

at least one module capacitor; and/or

wherein the module voltages are capacitor voltages over the at least one module capacitor.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein a switching sequence comprises:

a switching step associated with a converter switching state, in which switching step a future current of the modular converter is predicted for switching the modular converter into an associated converter switching state; and/or

wherein a switching sequence comprises:

an extrapolation step, in which current is extrapolated over at least one time step until the current is outside the predefined bounds.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the future current trajectory is predicted based on a first internal model of the modular converter; and/or

wherein future module voltages are predicted based on a second internal model of the modular converter, which is dependent on the first internal model.

11. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

changing converter topology by bypassing a converter module; and

adapting a first and/or second model of the modular converter to the changed converter topology.

12. A computer program stored in a non-transitory medium which, when on a processor, will cause the processor to function as a specially configured processor for performing the method of claim 1 .

13. A controller for controlling a modular converter, wherein the controller is configured with a computer program stored in non-transitory form for executing the method of claim 1 .

14. A non-transitory computer-readable medium in which a computer program according to claim 12 is stored.

15. A modular converter, comprising:

a plurality of converter modules each having a capacitor; and

a controller according to claim 13 .

16. The method of claim 2 , comprising:

deselecting candidate sequences for which future module voltages do not stay within predefined bounds.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein each converter module comprises:

a module capacitor; and/or

wherein the module voltages are capacitor voltages over module capacitors.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein a switching sequence comprises:

a switching step associated with a converter switching state, in which switching step a future current of the modular converter is predicted for switching the modular converter into an associated converter switching state; and/or

wherein a switching sequence comprises:

an extrapolation step, in which current is extrapolated over at least one time step until the current is outside the predefined bounds.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the future current trajectory is predicted based on a first internal model of the modular converter; and/or

wherein the future module voltages are predicted based on a second internal model of the modular converter, which is dependent on the first internal model.

20. The method of claim 19 , comprising:

changing the converter topology by bypassing a converter module; and

adapting at least one of the first and second model of the modular converter to the changed converter topology.