Back contact layer for photovoltaic cells
A photovoltaic cell structure is disclosed that includes a back contact layer that includes single wall carbon nanotube elements. The single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) back contact is in electrical communication with an adjacent semiconductor layer and provides a buffer characteristic that impedes elemental metal migration from the back contact into the semiconductor active layers. In one embodiment, the SWNT back contact includes a semiconductor characteristic and a buffer characteristic. In another embodiment, the SWNT back contact further includes a metallic characteristic.
1. A photovoltaic cell comprising:
a substrate layer;
a transparent conductive contact layer;
a semiconductor comprising:
a cadmium sulfide (CdS) first semiconductor layer having an n-type conductivity characteristic; and,
a second semiconductor layer having a p-type conductivity characteristic and comprising a first semiconductor material; and,
a back contact layer comprising a layer of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), wherein the layer of SWNTs comprises the SWNTs and a second semiconductor material different from the first semiconductor material, wherein the SWNT layer is a film that covers and conforms to the topography of the second semiconductor layer;
the back contact layer being adjacent to, and in electrical communication with, the second semiconductor layer at an interface with the second semiconductor layer, the interface having a substantially copper-free chemistry;
wherein the photovoltaic cell is free of a back contact containing metal.
2. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 wherein the second semiconductor layer comprises one of a CdTe layer and a ZnTe layer, and the back contact layer is in contact with the second semiconductor layer.
3. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 wherein the SWNT layer has a thickness in a range of about 1 nanometer to about 5000 nanometers.
4. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 wherein the SWNT layer provides a buffer characteristic of the back contact layer that inhibits migration of deleterious elemental species to the semiconductor.
5. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 wherein the back contact layer includes an additional constituent in the form of one of an element, material, or chemical species that improve one of conductivity and doping level of the SWNT layer.
6. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 wherein the SWNT layer defines a first side that forms an electrical contact junction with the second semiconductor layer and defines a second side that is opposite the first side and is in electrical communication with a third layer.
7. The photovoltaic cell of claim 6 wherein the SWNT layer provides a buffer characteristic of the back contact layer, the buffer characteristic being a substantial inhibitor to shunt formation in the semiconductor.
8. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 wherein the SWNT layer is substantially a semiconductor SWNT (s-SWNT) layer.
9. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1 wherein the SWNT layer has thickness that permits light energy to pass through in an amount sufficient such that the SWNT layer is a light passing window layer.
10. The photovoltaic cell of claim 9 wherein the SWNT layer is part of a tandem photovoltaic device.
11. The photovoltaic cell of claim 10 wherein the SWNT layer defines a tunneling connection between adjacent photovoltaic devices in the tandem photovoltaic device.
12. A photovoltaic cell comprising:
a front window layer including at least one of a glass material and a polymer material;
a transparent conductive oxide layer arranged to form a first ohmic contact;
a semiconductor comprising:
a first semiconductor layer having an n-type conductivity characteristic; and,
a second semiconductor layer having a p-type conductivity characteristic, the second semiconductor layer being substantially free of mobile Cu species; and,
a back contact layer having single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) adjacent to, and in electrical communication with, the second semiconductor layer, wherein the SWNT layer is a film that covers and conforms to the topography of the second semiconductor layer; the SWNTs having at least one of a metallic and a semiconductor characteristic;
wherein the SWNTs are embedded within a support layer comprising a glass or a polymer;
wherein the photovoltaic cell is free of a back contact containing metal.
13. The photovoltaic cell of claim 12 wherein the first semiconductor layer is a CdS semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer is a CdTe semiconductor layer.
14. The photovoltaic cell of claim 13 wherein a third semiconductor layer having an intrinsic (i-type) conductivity characteristic is disposed between the first and the second semiconductor layers.