Nanocellular thermoplastic foam and process for making the same
Prepare a thermoplastic polymer foam having a porosity of 70% or more and at least one of: (i) an average cell size of 200 nanometers or less; and (ii) a nucleation density of at least 1×1015 effective nucleation sites per cubic centimeter of foamable polymer composition not including blowing agent using a foamable polymer composition containing a thermoplastic polymer selected from styrenic polymer and (meth)acrylic polymers, a blowing agent comprising at least 20 mole-percent carbon dioxide based on moles of blowing agent and an additive having a Total Hansen Solubility Parameter that differs from that of carbon dioxide by less than 2 and that is present at a concentration of 0.01 to 1.5 weight parts per hundred weight parts thermoplastic polymer.
1. A process for preparing thermoplastic polymer foam, the process comprising:
a. providing a thermoplastic polymer selected from styrenic polymers and (meth)acrylic polymers;
b. compounding with the thermoplastic polymer one or more than one additive having a Total Hansen Solubility Parameter that differs from that of carbon dioxide by less than 2 where the total concentration of said one or more than one additive is 1.5 weight-parts or less and 0.01 weight-parts or more based on 100 weight-parts of thermoplastic polymer to form a thermoplastic polymer compound;
c. incorporating into the thermoplastic polymer at an initial pressure sufficient to prevent foaming, either before or after step (b), a blowing agent comprising 20 mole-percent or more carbon dioxide based on total moles of blowing agent; and
d. reducing the pressure on the thermoplastic polymer compound thereby allowing the blowing agent to expand the thermoplastic polymer into thermoplastic polymer foam having a porosity of 70% or more and at least one of (i) an average cell size of 200 nanometers or less; and (ii) a nucleation density of at least 1×10 15 effective nucleation sites per cubic centimeter of foamable polymer composition not including blowing agent;
wherein the thermoplastic polymer and thermoplastic polymer foam are free of triblock copolymers and polymers derived from 2-hydrocarbyl-3,3-bis(hydroxyphenyl)phthalimidine compounds and wherein the pressure reduction in step (d) occurs at a rate that is 7,500 mega Pascals per second or less.
2. The process of claim 1 , further characterized by the styrenic polymers being selected from stryrene-acrylonitrile copolymers and the (meth)acrylic polymers being selected from (meth)acrylic copolymers.
3. The process of claim 2 , further characterized by the thermoplastic polymer being selected from styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer and poly(methyl methacrylate)-co-poly(ethyl methacrylate) copolymer.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the (meth)acrylic polymer is 95 weight-percent or more of total thermoplastic polymer weight.
5. The process of claim 1 , further characterized by the one or more additive (a) being selected from a group consisting of stearic acid, myristic acid, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, carpylic acid, oleyl alcohol, 1-nonanol, 1-tetracosanoic acid, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 1-tetradecanol, and 1-octadecanol.
6. The process of claim 1 , further characterized by further compounding polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with the thermoplastic polymer so polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane is in the thermoplastic polymer compound.
7. A thermoplastic polymer foam article obtained by the process of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic foam article comprises the thermoplastic polymer, the thermoplastic polymer forming a continuous polymer matrix defining multiple cells therein, the thermoplastic polymer foam article characterized by having:
a. one or more than one additive having a Total Hansen Solubility Parameter differing from that of carbon dioxide by less than 2 where the total concentration of said one or more than one additive is 1.5 weight-parts or less and 0.1 weight-parts or more based on 100 weight parts of thermoplastic polymer in the thermoplastic polymer matrix;
b. a porosity of 70% or more;
c. at least one of the following:
i. an average cell size of 200 nanometers or less; and
ii. a nucleation density of at least 10 15 effective nucleation sites per cubic centimeter of foamable polymer composition;
and further characterized by being free of triblock copolymers and polymers derived from 2-hydrocarbyl-3,3-bis(hydroxyphenyl)phthalimidine compounds.
8. The thermoplastic polymer foam article of claim 7 , further characterized by the styrenic polymers being selected from styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers and the (meth)acrylic polymers being selected from (meth)acrylic copolymers.
9. The thermoplastic polymer foam article of claim 8 , further characterized by the thermoplastic polymer being selected from styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer and poly(methyl methacrylate)-co-poly(ethyl methacrylate) copolymer.
10. The thermoplastic polymer foam of claim 7 , wherein the (meth)acrylic polymer is 95 weight-percent or more of all thermoplastic polymers in the thermoplastic polymer matrix.
11. The thermoplastic polymer foam of claim 7 , further comprising polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane.
12. The thermoplastic polymer foam of claim 7 , further characterized by the one or more additive (a) being selected from a group consisting of stearic acid, myristic acid, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, carpylic acid, oleyl alcohol, 1-nonanol, 1-tetracosanoic acid, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 1-tetradecanol, and 1-octadecanol.
13. The thermoplastic polymer foam of claim 7 , further characterized by having both an average cell size of 200 nanometers or less and a nucleation density of at least 10 15 effective nucleation sites per cubic centimeter of foamable polymer composition.