Genetically engineered microorganisms for biological oxidation of hydrocarbons

1. A non-naturally occurring bacterium, comprising:

a host methanotrophic bacterium having an exogenous nucleic acid encoding an enzyme with methane monooxygenase (MMO) activity,

wherein the MMO comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 99-102, 174, 197, and 649-653;

wherein at least one alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme is inactivated in the non-naturally occurring bacterium as compared to the host methanotrophic bacterium; and

wherein the non-naturally occurring bacterium is capable of converting methane into methanol.

2. The non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the methanotrophic bacterium is selected from Methylococcus capsulatus Bath, Methylomonas sp. 16a, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Methylosinus sporium, Methylomonas methanica, Methylomonas albus, Methylobacter capsulatus,Methylobacteriumorganophilum,Methylomonas sp. AJ-3670, or Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum.

3. The non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the bacterium is capable of utilizing H 2 as a reducing agent for converting methane into methanol.

4. The non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 3 , wherein the bacterium comprises a nucleic acid encoding a hydrogenase enzyme for utilizing H 2 as a reducing agent for converting methane into methanol.

5. The non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the enzyme with methane monooxygenase activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 174 or 197.

6. The non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the at least one alcohol dehydrogenase is inactivated by genetic modification.

7. The non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the at least one inactivated alcohol dehydrogenase includes methanol dehydrogenase.

8. The non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the at least one alcohol dehydrogenase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, and 665.

9. The non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the non-naturally occurring bacterium is capable of converting ethane into ethanol, propane into propanol, butane into butanol, ethylene into ethylene oxide, propylene into propylene oxide, butene into butene oxide, a mixed alkene substrate into a mixed epoxide product, or a mixed alkane gas substrate into a mixed alcohol product.

10. The non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 9 , wherein the non-naturally bacterium is capable of converting a mixed alkane gas substrate into a mixed alcohol product and the mixed alkane gas substrate is wet natural gas or a partially separated derivative thereof.

11. A method for converting methane into methanol, ethane into ethanol, propane into propanol, or butane into butanol, the method comprising:

exposing the non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 or a cell-free fraction comprising the MMO and derived from the non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 to: (a) O 2 ; (b) a gas substrate comprising methane, ethane, propane, or butane, respectively; and (c) a reducing agent;

wherein the methane gas is converted to methanol, the ethane gas is converted to ethanol, the propane gas is converted to propanol, and the butane gas is converted to butanol, respectively.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the non-naturally occurring bacterium or cell-free fraction comprising the MMO and derived from the non-naturally occurring bacterium is immobilized on a solid matrix in a substantially non-aqueous state.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the reducing agent is H 2 gas or formate.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein H 2 gas is mixed with the gas substrate or provided to the non-naturally occurring bacterium following the gas substrate.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein O 2 is mixed with the gas substrate or provided to the non-naturally occurring bacterium prior to the gas substrate.

16. A method for converting ethylene into ethylene oxide, propylene into propylene oxide, or butene into butene oxide, the method comprising:

exposing the non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 or a cell-free fraction comprising the MMO and derived from the non-naturally occurring bacterium of claim 1 to: (a) O 2 ; (b) a gas substrate comprising ethylene, propylene, or butene, respectively; and (c) a reducing agent;

wherein the ethylene gas is converted to ethylene oxide, the propylene gas is converted to propylene oxide, and the butene gas is converted to butene oxide, respectively.