Transvascular nerve stimulation apparatus and methods

1. A method for stimulating a left phrenic nerve and a right phrenic nerve of a patient, wherein a lead structure is in a venous system of the patient, the lead structure defining a longitudinal axis and having a plurality of leads, second pairs of electrodes positioned on the lead structure proximate a distal portion of the lead structure, and first pairs of electrodes positioned on the lead structure proximal of the second pairs of electrodes, the method comprising:

selecting a first stimulation pair of electrodes from the first pairs of electrodes to stimulate the left phrenic nerve, the first stimulation pair including a first electrode and a second electrode best positioned, relative to other electrodes of the first pairs of electrodes, to stimulate the left phrenic nerve; and

selecting a second stimulation pair of electrodes from the second pairs of electrodes to stimulate the right phrenic nerve, the second stimulation pair including a third electrode and a fourth electrode best positioned, relative to other electrodes of the second pairs of electrodes, to stimulate the right phrenic nerve,

wherein an exposed portion of each of the first, second, third, and fourth electrodes extends around only a portion of a circumference of the lead structure.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising transmitting stimulation signals to the first stimulation pair of electrodes and the second stimulation pair of electrodes to stimulate the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the second pairs of electrodes comprises three pairs of electrodes, the second stimulation pair of electrodes is one of the three pairs of electrodes, and selecting the second stimulation pair of electrodes is by a trial and error method.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein selecting the second stimulation pair of electrodes includes determining that the second stimulation pair of electrodes has a stimulation efficacy for the right phrenic nerve that is greater than a stimulation efficacy of any of the other pairs of electrodes of the three pairs of electrodes.

5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the stimulation signals are transmitted to the first and second stimulation pairs of electrodes approximately simultaneously.

6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are aligned along a line generally parallel to the left phrenic nerve.

7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the third electrode and the fourth electrode are aligned along a line generally parallel to the right phrenic nerve.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein each pair of electrodes of the first pairs of electrodes and the second pairs of electrodes are bipolar electrodes.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lead structure is in (a) at least one of a left jugular vein and a left subclavian vein, (b) a left brachiocephalic vein, and (c) a superior vena cava of the patient.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second stimulation pair of electrodes is in the superior vena cava, and the first stimulation pair of electrodes is in one of the left subclavian vein and a left jugular vein.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second stimulation pair of electrodes is proximate to an inner wall of a blood vessel proximate the right phrenic nerve, and the first stimulation pair of electrodes is proximate to an inner wall of a blood vessel proximate the left phrenic nerve.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first pairs of electrodes and the second pairs of electrodes are connected to a signal generator via the plurality of leads.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first pairs of electrodes and the second pairs of electrodes are implanted in the patient.

14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

sensing motions of the patient via a motion sensor; and

adjusting stimulation signals transmitted to the first stimulation pair of electrodes and the second stimulation pair of electrodes based on the sensed motions.

15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

inserting the lead structure percutaneously through an insertion point in the venous system of the patient; and

positioning the second pairs of electrodes in a lumen of the superior vena cava proximate the right phrenic nerve, wherein the distal portion of the lead structure has a configuration to urge the second pairs of electrodes toward an inner wall of the superior vena cava.

16. A method for stimulating at least one of a left phrenic nerve and a right phrenic nerve of a patient, wherein a lead structure is in a venous system of the patient, and pairs of electrodes are positioned on the lead structure, the method comprising:

selecting a stimulation pair of electrodes from the pairs of electrodes to stimulate the at least one of the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve, the stimulation pair including a first electrode and a second electrode aligned along a line generally parallel to the at least one of the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve, and wherein selecting the stimulation pair of electrodes includes determining that the stimulation pair of electrodes has a stimulation efficacy for the at least one of the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve that is greater than a stimulation efficacy of any of the other pairs of electrodes, wherein the stimulation pair of electrodes is proximate to an inner wall of a blood vessel proximate the at least one of the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve; and

stimulating the at least one of the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve, wherein the step of stimulating the at least one of the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve includes transmitting an electrical current from only a portion of a circumference of the lead structure.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the blood vessel is at least one of a left jugular vein, a left subclavian vein, a left brachiocephalic vein, and a superior vena cava of the patient.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are circumferentially spaced around the inner wall of the blood vessel.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are aligned longitudinally along the inner wall of the blood vessel.

20. The method of claim 16 , further comprising transmitting an electrical current through an aperture in an exterior wall of the lead structure.

21. The method of claim 16 , further comprising positioning the pairs of electrodes relative to the at least one of the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve based on stimulation of the at least one of the left phrenic nerve and the right phrenic nerve.

22. The method of claim 16 , wherein the lead structure exits the patient proximate to at least one of a left jugular vein or a left subclavian vein.

23. The method of claim 16 , wherein the lead structure is located in only: (a) at least one of a left jugular vein and a left subclavian vein, (b) a left brachiocephalic vein, and (c) a superior vena cava.

24. A method for stimulating a left phrenic nerve and a right phrenic nerve of a patient, comprising:

selecting a first stimulation pair of electrodes from a plurality of electrodes located on a proximal portion of a lead structure, the first stimulation pair including a first electrode and a second electrode best positioned, relative to other electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes, to stimulate the left phrenic nerve;

selecting a second stimulation pair of electrodes from a second plurality of electrodes located on a distal portion of the lead structure, the second stimulation pair including a third electrode and a fourth electrode best positioned, relative to other electrodes of the second plurality of electrodes, to stimulate the right phrenic nerve;

stimulating the left phrenic nerve by transmitting a first electrical current radially outward between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first electrical current extends around only a portion of a circumference of the proximal portion of the lead structure; and

stimulating the right phrenic nerve by transmitting a second electrical current radially outward between the third electrode and the fourth electrode, wherein the second electrical current extends around only a portion of a circumference of the distal portion of the lead structure.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are aligned along a line generally parallel to the left phrenic nerve, and the third electrode and the fourth electrode are aligned along a line generally parallel to the right phrenic nerve.

26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the first stimulation pair of electrodes is in at least one of a left jugular vein and a left subclavian vein.

27. The method of claim 24 , wherein the second stimulation pair of electrodes is in the superior vena cava.

28. The method of claim 24 , wherein the steps of stimulating the left phrenic nerve and stimulating the right phrenic nerve occur approximately simultaneously.

29. A method for stimulating a left phrenic nerve and a right phrenic nerve of a patient, wherein a lead structure having a plurality of electrodes is in a venous system of the patient, the method comprising:

selecting a first stimulation pair of electrodes from the plurality of electrodes to stimulate the left phrenic nerve, wherein the first stimulation pair includes a first electrode and a second electrode circumferentially spaced apart from each other around an inner wall of a blood vessel;

selecting a second stimulation pair of electrodes from the plurality of electrodes to stimulate the right phrenic nerve;

stimulating the left phrenic nerve with the first stimulation pair of electrodes; and

stimulating the right phrenic nerve with the second stimulation pair of electrodes.

30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the step of stimulating the left phrenic nerve includes transmitting an electrical current from only a portion of a circumference of the lead structure.