Enzyme compositions

1. An enzyme composition comprising:

one or more self-assembled lipid-functionalized graphene or lipid-functionalized fullerene nano-cages; and

at least one enzyme entrapped by, but not linked to, the lipid-functionalized graphene or the lipid-functionalized fullerene nano-cage, wherein the entrapped enzyme in the composition has an enhanced activity as compared to an untrapped enzyme.

2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the entrapped enzyme comprises one or more of a laccase, a pectinase, a protease, a cellulase and a xylanase.

3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the entrapped enzyme comprises one or more of psychrophilic enzymes, mesophilic enzymes, and thermophilic enzymes.

4. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles are in contact with, but not linked to, the enzyme.

5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise one or more of hydroxyapatite, copper, magnesium chloride, manganese chloride, calcium chloride, zinc, magnesium, and manganese.

6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the lipid-functionalized graphene or lipid-functionalized fullerene nano-cages, comprise at least one lipid comprising one or more of a phospholipid, a sphingolipid, a phosphosphingolipid, and a steroid.

7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the lipid-functionalized fullerene comprises at least one lipid-functionalized carbon nanotube.

8. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the carbon nanotube comprises one or more of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), double-walled carbon nanotubes, or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

9. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the ratio (wt/wt) of lipid-functionalized carbon nanotubes to the enzyme is about 6:1 to about 2:1.

10. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the ratio (wt/wt) of lipids to carbon nanotubes is about 5:1.

11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the entrapped enzyme comprises a recombinant enzyme.