Continuous liquid interphase printing
A method of forming a three-dimensional object is carried out by providing a carrier and an optically transparent member having a build surface, the carrier and the build surface defining a build region therebetween; filling the build region with a polymerizable liquid; irradiating the build region through the optically transparent member to form a solid polymer from the polymerizable liquid and advancing the carrier away from the build surface to form the three-dimensional object from the solid polymer, while also concurrently with the irradiating and/or advancing steps: (i) continuously maintaining a dead zone of polymerizable liquid in contact with the build surface, and (ii) continuously maintaining a gradient of polymerization zone between the dead zone and the solid polymer and in contact with each thereof. The gradient of polymerization zone comprises the polymerizable liquid in partially cured form (e.g., so that the formation of fault or cleavage lines between layers of solid polymer in the three-dimensional object is reduced). Apparatus for carrying out the method is also described.
1. An apparatus for forming a three-dimensional object from a polymerizable liquid, comprising:
(a) a support;
(b) a carrier operatively associated with said support on which carrier said three-dimensional object is formed;
(c) a build plate comprising an optically transparent member having a build surface, with said build surface and said carrier defining a build region therebetween;
(d) a liquid polymer supply operatively associated with said build surface and configured to supply liquid polymer into said build region for solidification polymerization; wherein said carrier has a plurality of channels formed therein, said channels configured for supply of different polymerizable liquids through different ones of said plurality of channels;
(e) a radiation source configured to irradiate said build region through said optically transparent member to form a solid polymer from said polymerizable liquid;
(f) a controller operatively associated with said carrier and said radiation source for advancing said carrier away from said build surface to form said three-dimensional object from said solid polymer, while also concurrently:
(i) continuously maintaining a dead zone of polymerizable liquid in contact with said build surface, and
(ii) continuously maintaining a gradient of polymerization zone between said dead zone and said solid polymer and in contact with each thereof, said gradient of polymerization zone comprising said polymerizable liquid in partially cured form.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of external feed conduits separate from said object, each of said feed conduits in fluid communication with a channel in said carrier and formed from a polymerizable liquid supplied by that channel, each of said conduits configured for supply of one of said polymerizable liquids from said carrier to said build zone.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the build plate is substantially fixed or stationary.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the source of polymerization inhibitor is a reservoir of polymerization inhibitor within the semipermeable member.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the semipermeable member further comprises a feed surface separate from said build surface.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the feed surface is in fluid contact with a polymerization inhibitor so as to provide said source of polymerization inhibitor.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a heater operatively associated with said build plate and/or said liquid polymer supply, said heater and configured to heat polymerizable liquid in or supplied to said build region.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a cooler operatively associated with said build plate and configured to cool polymerizable liquid in said build region.
9. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein:
said semipermeable member comprises a top surface portion, a bottom surface portion, and an edge surface portion;
said build surface is on said top surface portion; and
said feed surface is on at least one of said top surface portion, said bottom surface portion, and said edge surface portion.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a pressure source operatively associated with said liquid polymer supply.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said radiation source comprises a light source.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a spatial light modulation array operatively associated with said radiation source and said controller and configured to carry out irradiation of the polymerizable liquid by maskless photolithography.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said carrier comprises a plate, post, web, film, reel, or combination thereof operatively associated with at least one actuator.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said carrier comprises a drive, said drive and said controller configured to advance said carrier unidirectionally away from said build surface.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said carrier has a soluble sacrificial layer thereon, and said three-dimensional object is formed on said soluble sacrificial layer.